Attitudinal Analysis of Work/School Travel

Koppelman and Lyon, 1981, in Transportation Science

doi:https://www.jstor.org/stable/25768019
Location Evanston, IL
Population nan
Sample size 356
Factor analysis type exploratory factor analysis, unknown rotation
Stepwise regression no
Removal of insignificant variables no
Reviewed by NAH

Abstract

This report describes the analysis of the choice of travel mode for trips to work or school through the study of attitudinal and behavioral responses. Travel behavior (mode choice) is linked to attitudes about the alternative modes through an intermediate preference construct. Individual attitudes are analyzed to obtain measures of perceptions of and feelings toward available transportation modes. These measures are related to mode preference, and preferences and situational constraints are related to choice. Differences in the perception-feelings-preference-choice formulation between travelers making local work trips and those making suburb-to-CBD work trips are identified and interpreted.

Factors

Variable Pattern loading
I really enjoy traveling by [mode] (Mode-liking) 0.68
I find it very depressing when I travel by [mode] (Mode-liking) -0.83
I feel that I really ought to travel by [mode] (Social norms) -0.15
My family and friends would be surprised if I used [mode] regularly (Social norms) 0.35
Variable Pattern loading
Enjoy travel by car (Mode-liking) 0.03
Enjoy travel by bus (Mode-liking) 0.78
Enjoy travel by walk (Mode-liking) -0.04
Depressing to travel by car (Mode-liking) -0.13
Depressing to travel by bus (Mode-liking) -0.72
Depressing to travel by walk (Mode-liking) -0.17
Ought to travel by car (Social norms) -0.18
Ought to travel by bus (Social norms) 0.53
Ought to travel by walk (Social norms) -0.12
Peers surprised if rode car (Social norms) 0.12
Peers surprised if rode bus (Social norms) -0.47
Peers surprised if walk (Social norms) 0.02
Variable Pattern loading
Enjoy travel by car (Mode-liking) 0.64
Enjoy travel by bus (Mode-liking) 0.03
Enjoy travel by walk (Mode-liking) -0.09
Depressing to travel by car (Mode-liking) -0.77
Depressing to travel by bus (Mode-liking) -0.19
Depressing to travel by walk (Mode-liking) -0.1
Ought to travel by car (Social norms) 0.55
Ought to travel by bus (Social norms) -0.12
Ought to travel by walk (Social norms) -0.21
Peers surprised if rode car (Social norms) -0.29
Peers surprised if rode bus (Social norms) 0.14
Peers surprised if walk (Social norms) 0.14
Variable Pattern loading
On time (Convenience) 0.51
No trip scheduling necessary (Convenience) 0.3
Relaxing (Comfort) 0.44
Correct temperature (Convenience) 0.05
No worry of assault (Safety) 0.11
Can come and go as I wish (Convenience) 0.66
Errands take little time (Convenience) 0.52
No worry about injury (Safety) -0.06
Know how to get around (Convenience) 0.39
Little effort involved (Convenience) 0.41
Available when needed (Convenience) 0.53
Not made uncomfortable by others (Safety) 0.18
No problems in bad weather (Comfort) 0.03
Get to destination quickly (Convenience) 0.52
Protected from smoking (Comfort) 0.36
Safe at night (Safety) 0.14
Not annoyed by others (Comfort) 0.17
No long waits (Convenience) 0.66
Easily carry packages (Convenience) 0.14
Easy walk access (Convenience) 0.32
Variable Pattern loading
On time (Convenience) 0.43
No trip scheduling necessary (Convenience) 0.28
Relaxing (Comfort) 0.29
Correct temperature (Convenience) 0.54
No worry of assault (Safety) 0.27
Can come and go as I wish (Convenience) 0.17
Errands take little time (Convenience) 0.35
No worry about injury (Safety) 0.08
Know how to get around (Convenience) 0
Little effort involved (Convenience) 0.5
Available when needed (Convenience) 0.06
Not made uncomfortable by others (Safety) 0.01
No problems in bad weather (Comfort) 0.56
Get to destination quickly (Convenience) 0.59
Protected from smoking (Comfort) 0.05
Safe at night (Safety) 0.54
Not annoyed by others (Comfort) 0.05
No long waits (Convenience) 0.11
Easily carry packages (Convenience) 0.59
Easy walk access (Convenience) 0.02
Variable Pattern loading
I really enjoy traveling by [mode] (Mode-liking) 0.42
I find it very depressing when I travel by [mode] (Mode-liking) -0.17
I feel that I really ought to travel by [mode] (Social norms) -0.7
My family and friends would be surprised if I used [mode] regularly (Social norms) 0.43
Variable Pattern loading
On time (Convenience) 0.07
No trip scheduling necessary (Convenience) -0.06
Relaxing (Comfort) 0.19
Correct temperature (Convenience) 0
No worry of assault (Safety) 0.55
Can come and go as I wish (Convenience) -0.05
Errands take little time (Convenience) 0.02
No worry about injury (Safety) 0.73
Know how to get around (Convenience) 0.3
Little effort involved (Convenience) 0.23
Available when needed (Convenience) 0.27
Not made uncomfortable by others (Safety) 0.61
No problems in bad weather (Comfort) 0.12
Get to destination quickly (Convenience) -0.03
Protected from smoking (Comfort) 0.14
Safe at night (Safety) 0.41
Not annoyed by others (Comfort) 0.36
No long waits (Convenience) 0.12
Easily carry packages (Convenience) 0.11
Easy walk access (Convenience) 0.22
Variable Pattern loading
Enjoy travel by car (Mode-liking) -0.06
Enjoy travel by bus (Mode-liking) 0.03
Enjoy travel by walk (Mode-liking) 0.85
Depressing to travel by car (Mode-liking) -0.07
Depressing to travel by bus (Mode-liking) -0.1
Depressing to travel by walk (Mode-liking) -0.72
Ought to travel by car (Social norms) -0.25
Ought to travel by bus (Social norms) -0.1
Ought to travel by walk (Social norms) 0.67
Peers surprised if rode car (Social norms) 0.11
Peers surprised if rode bus (Social norms) 0.01
Peers surprised if walk (Social norms) -0.56

Models

Dependent variable most preferred mode
Model type logit
Sample size 356
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Coefficient p-value
Convenience 0.79 <0.05
General Service 1.1 <0.05
Psychological Stress 0.13 nan
Bus Preferance 0.88 <0.05
Walk Preferance 0.61 <0.05
Car Preferance 0.23 nan
Walk constant 0.55 nan
Car constant 1.0 nan
Dependent variable most preferred mode
Model type logit
Sample size 356
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Coefficient p-value
Convenience 0.7 <0.05
General Service 1.08 <0.05
Psychological Stress 0.11 nan
Affect 0.41 <0.05
Normative Beliefs 0.58 <0.05
Walk constant 0.0 nan
Car constant -0.1 nan
Dependent variable Preference Index
Model type logit
Sample size 356
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Coefficient p-value
Automobile availability 0.42 nan
Preference index 0.61 <0.05
Bus constant 1.0 nan
Walk constant 0.18 nan
Car constant 0.18 nan
Dependent variable Preference Index
Model type logit
Sample size 356
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Coefficient p-value
Automobile availability 0.37 nan
Preference index 0.69 <0.05
Bus constant 1.0 nan
Walk constant -0.09 nan
Car constant -0.47 nan
Dependent variable First Preference
Model type logit
Sample size 356
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Coefficient p-value
Access convenience 0.68 <0.05
Access general service 0.63 <0.05
Access psychological stress 0.06 nan
Line-haul convenience 0.25 nan
Line-haul comfort 0.14 nan
Line-haul travel stress 0.86 <0.05
Affect 0.03 nan
Normative Beliefs 0.53 <0.05
Auto Line-hual affect 0.27 <0.05
Auto Line-hual normative beliefs 0.74 <0.05
Bus constent 1.74 <0.05
Walk constant 2.13 <0.05
EL constant -1.82 <0.05
Train constant -1.93 <0.05

The Attitudes and Travel Database is produced with support from the Center for Teaching Old Models New Tricks at Arizona State University, a University Transportation Center sponsored by the US Department of Transportation through Grant No. 69A3551747116.

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