Correlates of Walking for Travel in Seven European Cities: The PASTA Project

Mireia Gascon, Thomas Götschi, Audrey de Nazelle, Esther Gracia, Albert Ambròs, Sandra Márquez, Oriol Marquet, Ione Avila-Palencia, Christian Brand, Francesco Iacorossi, Elisabeth Raser, Mailin Gaupp-Berghausen, Evi Dons, Michelle Laeremans, Sonja Kahlmeier, Julian Sánchez, Regine Gerike, Esther Anaya-Boig, Luc Int Panis, and Mark Nieuwenhuijsen, 2019, in Environmental Health Perspectives

doi:10.1289/EHP4603
Location Antwerp, Barcelona, London, Örebro, Rome, Vienna, and Zurich
Population General
Sample size 7875
Factor analysis type principal components, unknown rotation
Stepwise regression no
Removal of insignificant variables no
Reviewed by NAH

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Although walking for travel can help in reaching the daily recommended levels of physical activity, we know relatively little about the correlates of walking for travel in the European context. OBJECTIVE: Within the framework of the European Physical Activity through Sustainable Transport Approaches (PASTA) project, we aimed to explore the correlates of walking for travel in European cities. METHODS: The same protocol was applied in seven European cities. Using a web-based questionnaire, we collected information on total minutes of walking per week, individual characteristics, mobility behavior, and attitude (formula presented ). Characteristics of the built environment (the home and the work/study addresses) were determined with geographic information system (GIS)-based techniques. We conducted negative binomial regression analyses, including city as a random effect. Factor and principal component analyses were also conducted to define profiles of the different variables of interest. RESULTS: Living in high-density residential areas with richness of facilities and density of public transport stations was associated with increased walking for travel, whereas the same characteristics at the work/study area were less strongly associated with the outcome when the residential and work/study environments were entered in the model jointly. A walk-friendly social environment was associated with walking for travel. All three factors describing different opinions about walking (ranging from good to bad) were associated with increased minutes of walking per week, although the importance given to certain criteria to choose a mode of transport provided different results according to the criteria. DISCUSSION: The present study supports findings from previous research regarding the role of the built environment in the promotion of walking for travel and provides new findings to help in achieving sustainable, healthy, livable, and walkable cities. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4603.

Factors

Variable Pattern loading
Importance of safety (traffic and crime), low exposure to air pollution, privacy, health benefits, and low environmental impact (Other) 1.06
Importance of short travel time, predictable travel time and journey reliability, and flexible departure time. Health benefits and low environmental impact are not important (Other) 0.93
Low exposure to air pollution and health benefits are important, as well as flexibility and predictability, but not being comfortable, safe or providing privacy (Other) 0.87
Cost and short travel are very important, but not flexibility, privacy or predictability (Other) 1.03
Variable Pattern loading
Walking is comfortable, safe (traffic and crime), is flexible and predictable, saves time and is good for health (Other) 1.1
Walking is unpleasant due to high levels of air pollution, it saves time but it is not particularly safe (traffic and crime) (Other) 1.23
Walking is not flexible (departure time), nor predictable, and does not offer personal health benefits. It is safe and comfortable and somehow saves time (Other) 1.13
Variable Pattern loading
Most people think that I should walk "for travel," my neighborhood walking is well regarded, and in my neighborhood it is common for people to walk "for travel" (Social norms) 1.09
Variable Pattern loading
Walk and use public transport (Not an attitude) 1.7
Use the car and motorbike, but not the bicycle (Not an attitude) 1.18
Use the motorbike, but not the car (Not an attitude) 0.92
Walk but also use other modes of transport except public transport (Not an attitude) 1.32
Use public transport and the bicycle (but do not walk) (Not an attitude) 0.81
Variable Pattern loading
Street length density (m/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.86
Connectivity (intersections/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.78
Building area density (m/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.86
Population density (inhabitants/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.72
Facilities density (facilities/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.62
Facilities richness (facilities types/number of facilities) (Not an attitude) 0.83
Density of public transport stations (stations/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.53
Distance to 1st public transport station (m) (Not an attitude) -0.36
PM2.5 (micromoles/m2) (Not an attitude) 0.49
NO2 (micromoles/m2) (Not an attitude) 0.8
Surrounding greenness (NDVI) (Not an attitude) -0.84
Distance to the closest major GS (m) (Not an attitude) 0.12
Area of the closest GS (km2) (Not an attitude) -0.11
Distance to the closest major BS (m) (Not an attitude) -0.23
Area of the closest BS (km2) (Not an attitude) 0.28
Variable Pattern loading
Street length density (m/km2) (Not an attitude) -0.24
Connectivity (intersections/km2) (Not an attitude) -0.34
Building area density (m/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.17
Population density (inhabitants/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.11
Facilities density (facilities/km2) (Not an attitude) -0.14
Facilities richness (facilities types/number of facilities) (Not an attitude) -0.1
Density of public transport stations (stations/km2) (Not an attitude) -0.21
Distance to 1st public transport station (m) (Not an attitude) 0.11
PM2.5 (micromoles/m2) (Not an attitude) 0.59
NO2 (micromoles/m2) (Not an attitude) 0.38
Surrounding greenness (NDVI) (Not an attitude) -0.02
Distance to the closest major GS (m) (Not an attitude) 0.12
Area of the closest GS (km2) (Not an attitude) -0.11
Distance to the closest major BS (m) (Not an attitude) 0.14
Area of the closest BS (km2) (Not an attitude) -0.1
Variable Pattern loading
Most people who are important to me think that I should walk "for travel" (Social norms) 0.43
In my neighborhood walking is well regarded (Social norms) 0.64
In my neighborhood it is common for people to walk "for travel" (Social norms) 0.63
Variable Pattern loading
Short travel time (Convenience) 0.37
Lower travel cost (Cost) 0.71
High travel comfort (Comfort) -0.11
Safer travel with regard to traffic (Safety) 0.11
Safer travel with regard to crime (Safety) 0.11
Lower exposure to air pollution (Comfort) 0.07
Privacy (Comfort) -0.23
Personal health benefits (Lifestyle) -0.16
Low environmental impact (Environmentalism) -0.02
Flexible departure time (Convenience) -0.43
More predictable time and journey reliability (Convenience) -0.22
Variable Pattern loading
Short travel time (Convenience) 0.13
Lower travel cost (Cost) 0.21
High travel comfort (Comfort) -0.38
Safer travel with regard to traffic (Safety) -0.27
Safer travel with regard to crime (Safety) -0.34
Lower exposure to air pollution (Comfort) 0.05
Privacy (Comfort) -0.34
Personal health benefits (Lifestyle) 0.36
Low environmental impact (Environmentalism) 0.44
Flexible departure time (Convenience) 0.33
More predictable time and journey reliability (Convenience) 0.25
Variable Pattern loading
Short travel time (Convenience) 0.03
Lower travel cost (Cost) 0.17
High travel comfort (Comfort) 0.21
Safer travel with regard to traffic (Safety) 0.41
Safer travel with regard to crime (Safety) 0.41
Lower exposure to air pollution (Comfort) 0.45
Privacy (Comfort) 0.31
Personal health benefits (Lifestyle) 0.35
Low environmental impact (Environmentalism) 0.35
Flexible departure time (Convenience) 0.14
More predictable time and journey reliability (Convenience) 0.17
Variable Pattern loading
Short travel time (Convenience) 0.52
Lower travel cost (Cost) 0.18
High travel comfort (Comfort) 0.31
Safer travel with regard to traffic (Safety) -0.04
Safer travel with regard to crime (Safety) 0.02
Lower exposure to air pollution (Comfort) -0.23
Privacy (Comfort) 0.11
Personal health benefits (Lifestyle) -0.22
Low environmental impact (Environmentalism) -0.29
Flexible departure time (Convenience) 0.42
More predictable time and journey reliability (Convenience) 0.48
Variable Pattern loading
Saves time (Convenience) 0.31
Is comfortable (Comfort) 0.41
Is safe with regard to traffic (Safety) 0.39
Is safe with regard to crime (Safety) 0.35
Is unpleasant because of high levels of air pollution (Comfort) -0.06
Offers privacy (Comfort) 0.24
Offers personal health benefits (Lifestyle) 0.3
Offers flexibility (Convenience) 0.4
Offers predictable travel time (Convenience) 0.4
Variable Pattern loading
Saves time (Convenience) 0.26
Is comfortable (Comfort) 0.32
Is safe with regard to traffic (Safety) 0.32
Is safe with regard to crime (Safety) 0.4
Is unpleasant because of high levels of air pollution (Comfort) 0.12
Offers privacy (Comfort) -0.02
Offers personal health benefits (Lifestyle) -0.47
Offers flexibility (Convenience) -0.45
Offers predictable travel time (Convenience) -0.36
Variable Pattern loading
Saves time (Convenience) 0.45
Is comfortable (Comfort) 0.22
Is safe with regard to traffic (Safety) -0.32
Is safe with regard to crime (Safety) -0.33
Is unpleasant because of high levels of air pollution (Comfort) 0.7
Offers privacy (Comfort) -0.01
Offers personal health benefits (Lifestyle) -0.13
Offers flexibility (Convenience) 0.08
Offers predictable travel time (Convenience) 0.16
Variable Pattern loading
Walk (Not an attitude) -0.31
Bike (including e-bike) (Not an attitude) 0.5
Motorcycle (Not an attitude) 0.18
Public transport (Not an attitude) 0.72
Car or van (Not an attitude) 0.32
Variable Pattern loading
Walk (Not an attitude) -0.15
Bike (including e-bike) (Not an attitude) -0.73
Motorcycle (Not an attitude) 0.53
Public transport (Not an attitude) 0.14
Car or van (Not an attitude) 0.38
Variable Pattern loading
Walk (Not an attitude) -0.06
Bike (including e-bike) (Not an attitude) 0.18
Motorcycle (Not an attitude) 0.73
Public transport (Not an attitude) -0.05
Car or van (Not an attitude) -0.66
Variable Pattern loading
Walk (Not an attitude) 0.55
Bike (including e-bike) (Not an attitude) -0.31
Motorcycle (Not an attitude) -0.18
Public transport (Not an attitude) 0.66
Car or van (Not an attitude) -0.37
Variable Pattern loading
Walk (Not an attitude) 0.76
Bike (including e-bike) (Not an attitude) 0.29
Motorcycle (Not an attitude) 0.36
Public transport (Not an attitude) -0.16
Car or van (Not an attitude) 0.42
Variable Pattern loading
Street length density (m/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.72
Connectivity (intersections/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.67
Building area density (m/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.74
Population density (inhabitants/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.64
Facilities density (facilities/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.56
Facilities richness (facilities types/number of facilities) (Not an attitude) 0.71
Density of public transport stations (stations/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.42
Distance to 1st public transport station (m) (Not an attitude) -0.29
PM2.5 (micromoles/m2) (Not an attitude) 0.53
NO2 (micromoles/m2) (Not an attitude) 0.8
Surrounding greenness (NDVI) (Not an attitude) -0.73
Distance to the closest major GS (m) (Not an attitude) 0.09
Area of the closest GS (km2) (Not an attitude) -0.12
Distance to the closest major BS (m) (Not an attitude) -0.18
Area of the closest BS (km2) (Not an attitude) 0.36
Street length density (m/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.65
Connectivity (intersections/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.58
Building area density (m/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.59
Population density (inhabitants/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.5
Facilities density (facilities/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.47
Facilities richness (facilities types/number of facilities) (Not an attitude) 0.57
Density of public transport stations (stations/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.22
Distance to 1st public transport station (m) (Not an attitude) -0.23
PM2.5 (micromoles/m2) (Not an attitude) 0.5
NO2 (micromoles/m2) (Not an attitude) 0.73
Surrounding greenness (NDVI) (Not an attitude) -0.63
Distance to the closest major GS (m) (Not an attitude) 0.12
Area of the closest GS (km2) (Not an attitude) -0.08
Distance to the closest major BS (m) (Not an attitude) -0.16
Area of the closest BS (km2) (Not an attitude) 0.38
Distance between home and work/study (m) (Not an attitude) -0.13
Altitude difference between home and work/study location (m) (Not an attitude) -0.09
Slope between home and work/study location (Not an attitude) -0.01
Variable Pattern loading
Street length density (m/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.84
Connectivity (intersections/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.79
Building area density (m/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.79
Population density (inhabitants/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.49
Facilities density (facilities/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.67
Facilities richness (facilities types/number of facilities) (Not an attitude) 0.85
Density of public transport stations (stations/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.37
Distance to 1st public transport station (m) (Not an attitude) -0.3
PM2.5 (micromoles/m2) (Not an attitude) 0.37
NO2 (micromoles/m2) (Not an attitude) 0.75
Surrounding greenness (NDVI) (Not an attitude) -0.76
Distance to the closest major GS (m) (Not an attitude) 0.24
Area of the closest GS (km2) (Not an attitude) -0.08
Distance to the closest major BS (m) (Not an attitude) -0.27
Area of the closest BS (km2) (Not an attitude) 0.4
Variable Pattern loading
Street length density (m/km2) (Not an attitude) -0.42
Connectivity (intersections/km2) (Not an attitude) -0.36
Building area density (m/km2) (Not an attitude) -0.45
Population density (inhabitants/km2) (Not an attitude) -0.34
Facilities density (facilities/km2) (Not an attitude) -0.28
Facilities richness (facilities types/number of facilities) (Not an attitude) -0.39
Density of public transport stations (stations/km2) (Not an attitude) -0.35
Distance to 1st public transport station (m) (Not an attitude) 0.19
PM2.5 (micromoles/m2) (Not an attitude) -0.24
NO2 (micromoles/m2) (Not an attitude) -0.27
Surrounding greenness (NDVI) (Not an attitude) 0.39
Distance to the closest major GS (m) (Not an attitude) -0.07
Area of the closest GS (km2) (Not an attitude) 0.03
Distance to the closest major BS (m) (Not an attitude) 0.12
Area of the closest BS (km2) (Not an attitude) 0.08
Street length density (m/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.52
Connectivity (intersections/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.54
Building area density (m/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.51
Population density (inhabitants/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.14
Facilities density (facilities/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.49
Facilities richness (facilities types/number of facilities) (Not an attitude) 0.63
Density of public transport stations (stations/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.32
Distance to 1st public transport station (m) (Not an attitude) -0.18
PM2.5 (micromoles/m2) (Not an attitude) -0.07
NO2 (micromoles/m2) (Not an attitude) 0.29
Surrounding greenness (NDVI) (Not an attitude) -0.46
Distance to the closest major GS (m) (Not an attitude) 0.24
Area of the closest GS (km2) (Not an attitude) -0.03
Distance to the closest major BS (m) (Not an attitude) -0.27
Area of the closest BS (km2) (Not an attitude) 0.25
Distance between home and work/study (m) (Not an attitude) 0.07
Altitude difference between home and work/study location (m) (Not an attitude) 0.32
Slope between home and work/study location (Not an attitude) 0.22
Variable Pattern loading
Street length density (m/km2) (Not an attitude) -0.14
Connectivity (intersections/km2) (Not an attitude) -0.24
Building area density (m/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.11
Population density (inhabitants/km2) (Not an attitude) 0.25
Facilities density (facilities/km2) (Not an attitude) -0.12
Facilities richness (facilities types/number of facilities) (Not an attitude) -0.1
Density of public transport stations (stations/km2) (Not an attitude) -0.27
Distance to 1st public transport station (m) (Not an attitude) 0.06
PM2.5 (micromoles/m2) (Not an attitude) 0.75
NO2 (micromoles/m2) (Not an attitude) 0.41
Surrounding greenness (NDVI) (Not an attitude) 0.1
Distance to the closest major GS (m) (Not an attitude) -0.09
Area of the closest GS (km2) (Not an attitude) -0.08
Distance to the closest major BS (m) (Not an attitude) 0.14
Area of the closest BS (km2) (Not an attitude) -0.18

Models

Dependent variable Minutes of walking per week
Model type Negative binomial regression analysis.
Sample size 7875.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Incidence_rate_ratio p-value
Age 1.0 0.76
Gender (female) 1.3 0.66
High level of education 0.82 <0.001
Part-time worker 0.91 0.24
Student 0.98 0.81
Not working 1.65 <0.001
Sometimes able to access a car 0.8 0.01
Always able to access a car 0.73 <.001
Access to a bicycle (yes) 0.66 <0.001
Dependent variable Minutes of walking per week
Model type Negative binomial regression analysis.
Sample size 7875.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Incidence_rate_ratio p-value
Street-length density (m=km 2 ) 1.11 <0:001
Street connectivity (n intersections=km 2 ) 1.08 0.03
Building-area density (m 2 =km 2 ) 1.08 0.04
Population density (n inhabitants=km 2 ) 1.09 0.03
Facilities c density (n facilities=km 2 ) 1.05 0.15
Facilities c richness (n facilities types/n facilities) 1.09 0.01
Density of public transport stations (n stations=km 2 ) 1.07 0.02
Distance to the nearest public transport station (m) 0.94 0.04
PM 2:5 (lg=m 3 ) 1.11 0.24
NO 2 (lg=m 3 ) 1.11 0.03
Surrounding greenness (NDVI) 0.8 <0:001
Distance to the closest major GS (m) 1.01 0.87
Area of the closest GS (km 2 ) 1.0 0.96
Access to major GS (within 300 m) 0.93 0.35
Distance to the closest major BS (m) 0.98 0.54
Area of the closest BS (km 2 ) 1.07 0.09
Access to major BS (within 300 m) 0.96 0.8
High-density residential area 1.12 0.01
Low-density residential area 0.97 0.49
Dependent variable Minutes of walking per week
Model type Negative binomial regression analysis.
Sample size 7875.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Incidence_rate_ratio p-value
walk-friendly social environment 1.09 <0.001
Safe, healthy, sustainable, and private travel 1.06 <0.001
Short, flexible, and predictable travel; do not care about health or environment 0.93 <0.001
Flexible and predictable travel. Health and environment are relevant, but not comfort or safety 0.87 <0.001
Cheap and short travel 1.03 0.26
Very good opinion about walking 1.1 <0.001
Walking is unpleasant, but it is fast 1.23 <0.001
Walking is not flexible, but it is comfortable 1.13 <0.001
Walk and use public transport 1.7 <0.001
Use the car and motorbike, but not the bicycle 1.18 <0.001
Use the motorbike, but not the car 0.92 0.02
Walk but also use other modes of transport except public transport 1.32 <0.001
Use public transport and the bicycle (but do not walk) 0.81 <0.001
Dependent variable Minutes of walking per week
Model type Negative binomial regression analysis.
Sample size 7875.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Incidence_rate_ratio p-value
Age 1.0 0.19
Gender (female) 1.96 0.47
High level of education 0.75 <0.001
Part-time worker 0.86 0.08
Student 0.91 0.3
Not working 1.43 <0.001
Sometimes able to access a car 0.92 0.33
Always able to access a car 0.89 0.22
Access to a bicycle (yes) 1.09 0.41
High-density residential area 1.06 0.15
Low-density residential area 0.92 0.09
walk-friendly social environment 1.06 0.02
Safe, healthy, sustainable, and private travel 1.05 0.01
Short, flexible, and predictable travel; do not care about health or environment 0.96 0.05
Flexible and predictable travel. Health and environment are relevant, but not comfort or safety 0.88 <0.001
Cheap and short travel 1.01 0.76
Very good opinion about walking 1.09 <0.001
Walking is unpleasant, but it is fast 1.15 <0.001
Walking is not flexible, but it is comfortable 1.12 <0.001
Walk and use public transport 1.65 <0.001
Use the car and motorbike, but not the bicycle 1.24 <0.001
Use the motorbike, but not the car 0.92 0.02
Walk but also use other modes of transport except public transport 1.31 <0.001
Use public transport and the bicycle (but do not walk) 0.82 <0.001
Dependent variable Minutes of walking per week
Model type Negative binomial regression analysis.
Sample size 7875.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Incidence_rate_ratio p-value
Age 1.0 0.08
Gender (female) 1.01 0.85
High level of education 0.82 <0.001
Part-time worker 0.91 0.22
Student 0.97 0.73
Not working 1.54 <0.001
Sometimes able to access a car 0.87 0.09
Always able to access a car 0.82 0.01
Access to a bicycle (yes) 0.67 <0.001
High-density residential area 1.09 0.05
Low-density residential area 0.96 0.46
walk-friendly social environment 1.05 0.02
Safe, healthy, sustainable, and private travel 1.03 0.08
Short, flexible, and predictable travel; do not care about health or environment 0.95 0.02
Flexible and predictable travel. Health and environment are relevant, but not comfort or safety 0.85 <0.001
Cheap and short travel 1.03 0.29
Very good opinion about walking 1.11 <0.001
Walking is unpleasant, but it is fast 1.19 <0.001
Walking is not flexible, but it is comfortable 1.11 <0.001
Dependent variable Minutes of walking per week
Model type Negative binomial regression analysis.
Sample size 6957.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Incidence_rate_ratio p-value
Age 1.0 0.65
Gender (female) 0.95 0.45
High level of education 0.73 <0.001
Part-time worker 0.87 0.08
Student 0.9 0.28
Sometimes able to access a car 0.94 0.51
Always able to access a car 0.94 0.57
Access to a bicycle (yes) 1.21 0.07
High-density residential area 1.14 <0.001
Low-density residential area 0.94 0.06
walk-friendly social environment 1.06 0.02
Safe, healthy, sustainable, and private travel 1.05 0.01
Short, flexible, and predictable travel; do not care about health or environment 0.98 0.35
Flexible and predictable travel. Health and environment are relevant, but not comfort or safety 0.89 <0.001
Cheap and short travel 1.0 0.91
Very good opinion about walking 1.08 <0.001
Walking is unpleasant, but it is fast 1.13 <0.001
Walking is not flexible, but it is comfortable 1.14 <0.001
Walk and use public transport 1.78 <0.001
Use the car and motorbike, but not the bicycle 1.31 <0.001
Use the motorbike, but not the car 0.92 0.01
Walk but also use other modes of transport except public transport 1.32 <0.001
Use public transport and the bicycle (but do not walk) 0.79 <0.001
Dependent variable Minutes of walking per week
Model type Negative binomial regression analysis.
Sample size 6957.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Incidence_rate_ratio p-value
Age 1.0 0.18
Gender (female) 1.02 0.76
High level of education 0.81 <0.001
Part-time worker 0.92 0.29
Student 0.99 0.91
Sometimes able to access a car 0.87 0.11
Always able to access a car 0.81 0.01
Access to a bicycle (yes) 0.65 <0.001
High-density residential area 1.15 <0.001
Low-density residential area 0.99 0.85
walk-friendly social environment 1.05 0.06
Safe, healthy, sustainable, and private travel 1.04 0.06
Short, flexible, and predictable travel; do not care about health or environment 0.96 0.12
Flexible and predictable travel. Health and environment are relevant, but not comfort or safety 0.85 <0.001
Cheap and short travel 1.02 0.62
Very good opinion about walking 1.11 <0.001
Walking is unpleasant, but it is fast 1.19 <0.001
Walking is not flexible, but it is comfortable 1.12 <0.001
Dependent variable Minutes of walking per week
Model type nan
Sample size 7875.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Incidence_rate_ratio p-value
Street length density (m/km2) 1.12 <0.001
Connectivity (intersections/km2) 1.1 0.01
Building area density (m/km2) 1.11 0.01
Population density (inhabitants/km2) 1.08 0.07
Density of public transport stations (stations/km2) 1.08 0.02
Distance to the 1st public transport station (m) 0.94 0.04
PM2.5 (micromoles/m3) 1.12 0.2
NO2 (micromoles/m3) 1.11 0.02
Surrounding greenness (NDVI) 0.79 <0.001
Distance to the closest major GS (m) 1.01 0.87
Area of the closest GS (km2) 1.0 0.96
Distance to the closest major BS (m) 0.98 0.54
Area of the closest BS (km2) 1.07 0.09
Dependent variable Minutes of walking per week
Model type nan
Sample size 7875.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Incidence_rate_ratio p-value
Street length density (m/km2) 1.11 0.005
Connectivity (intersections/km2) 1.08 0.029
Building area density (m/km2) 1.08 0.042
Population density (inhabitants/km2) 1.09 0.039
Facilities density (facilities/km2) 1.05 0.152
Facilities richness (facilities types/number of facilities) 1.09 0.008
Density of public transport stations (stations/km2) 1.07 0.028
Distance to the 1st public transport station (m) 0.94 0.037
PM2.5 (micromoles/m3) 1.11 0.232
NO2 (micromoles/m3) 1.11 0.024
Surrounding greenness (NDVI) 0.8 0.001
Distance to the closest major GS (m) 1.01 0.763
Area of the closest GS (km2) 1.0 1.0
Access to major GS (%) 0.93 0.343
Distance to the closest major BS (m) 0.98 0.479
Area of the closest BS (km2) 1.07 0.094
Access to major BS (%) 0.96 0.794
High density residential area 1.12 0.009
Low density residential area 0.97 0.521
Dependent variable Minutes of walking per week
Model type nan
Sample size 7875.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Incidence_rate_ratio p-value
Street length density (m/km2) 1.05 0.179
Connectivity (intersections/km2) 1.05 0.179
Building area density (m/km2) 1.03 0.457
Population density (inhabitants/km2) 1.07 0.074
Facilities density (facilities/km2) 1.02 0.541
Facilities richness (facilities types/number of facilities) 1.04 0.217
Density of public transport stations (stations/km2) 1.05 0.936
Distance to the 1st public transport station (m) 0.96 0.165
PM2.5 (micromoles/m3) 1.13 0.07
NO2 (micromoles/m3) 1.05 0.363
Surrounding greenness (NDVI) 0.84 0.013
Distance to the closest major GS (m) 1.01 0.743
Area of the closest GS (km2) 1.0 1.0
Access to major GS (%) 0.93 0.328
Distance to the closest major BS (m) 1.0 1.0
Area of the closest BS (km2) 1.07 0.058
Access to major BS (%) 0.96 0.789
High density residential area 1.06 0.202
Low density residential area 0.97 0.541
Dependent variable Minutes of walking per week
Model type nan
Sample size 1310.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Incidence_rate_ratio p-value
Street length density (m/km2) 1.12 0.006
Connectivity (intersections/km2) 1.1 0.04
Building area density (m/km2) 1.08 0.071
Population density (inhabitants/km2) 1.13 0.062
Facilities density (facilities/km2) 1.04 0.285
Facilities richness (facilities types/number of facilities) 1.1 0.01
Density of public transport stations (stations/km2) 1.08 0.029
Distance to the 1st public transport station (m) 0.95 0.108
PM2.5 (micromoles/m3) 1.12 0.247
NO2 (micromoles/m3) 1.11 0.048
Surrounding greenness (NDVI) 0.8 0.001
Distance to the closest major GS (m) 1.01 0.779
Area of the closest GS (km2) 1.0 1.0
Access to major GS (%) 0.91 0.287
Distance to the closest major BS (m) 0.99 0.763
Area of the closest BS (km2) 1.07 0.134
Access to major BS (%) 0.92 0.637
High density residential area 1.12 0.018
Low density residential area 0.97 0.6
Dependent variable Minutes of walking per week
Model type nan
Sample size 982.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Incidence_rate_ratio p-value
Street length density (m/km2) 1.12 0.003
Connectivity (intersections/km2) 1.1 0.015
Building area density (m/km2) 1.08 0.055
Population density (inhabitants/km2) 1.08 0.086
Facilities density (facilities/km2) 1.06 0.105
Facilities richness (facilities types/number of facilities) 1.12 0.002
Density of public transport stations (stations/km2) 1.08 0.012
Distance to the 1st public transport station (m) 0.93 0.016
PM2.5 (micromoles/m3) 1.12 0.214
NO2 (micromoles/m3) 1.12 0.023
Surrounding greenness (NDVI) 0.79 0.001
Distance to the closest major GS (m) 1.01 0.779
Area of the closest GS (km2) 1.0 1.0
Access to major GS (%) 0.95 0.56
Distance to the closest major BS (m) 0.98 0.518
Area of the closest BS (km2) 1.06 0.418
Access to major BS (%) 1.02 0.913
High density residential area 1.14 0.003
Low density residential area 0.96 0.444
Dependent variable Minutes of walking per week
Model type nan
Sample size 865.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Incidence_rate_ratio p-value
Street length density (m/km2) 1.1 0.01
Connectivity (intersections/km2) 1.06 0.105
Building area density (m/km2) 1.07 0.058
Population density (inhabitants/km2) 1.07 0.094
Facilities density (facilities/km2) 1.04 0.217
Facilities richness (facilities types/number of facilities) 1.08 0.02
Density of public transport stations (stations/km2) 1.05 0.179
Distance to the 1st public transport station (m) 0.94 0.037
PM2.5 (micromoles/m3) 1.07 0.488
NO2 (micromoles/m3) 1.07 0.153
Surrounding greenness (NDVI) 0.82 0.004
Distance to the closest major GS (m) 0.99 0.745
Area of the closest GS (km2) 1.06 0.729
Access to major GS (%) 0.95 0.535
Distance to the closest major BS (m) 0.99 0.697
Area of the closest BS (km2) 1.07 0.077
Access to major BS (%) 1.0 1.0
High density residential area 1.11 0.024
Low density residential area 0.97 0.564
Dependent variable Minutes of walking per week
Model type nan
Sample size 1416.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Incidence_rate_ratio p-value
Street length density (m/km2) 1.12 0.003
Connectivity (intersections/km2) 1.08 0.055
Building area density (m/km2) 1.1 0.015
Population density (inhabitants/km2) 1.12 0.013
Facilities density (facilities/km2) 1.04 0.25
Facilities richness (facilities types/number of facilities) 1.11 0.005
Density of public transport stations (stations/km2) 1.07 0.028
Distance to the 1st public transport station (m) 0.95 0.112
PM2.5 (micromoles/m3) 1.1 0.325
NO2 (micromoles/m3) 1.13 0.018
Surrounding greenness (NDVI) 0.79 0.65
Distance to the closest major GS (m) 1.06 0.292
Area of the closest GS (km2) 1.0 1.0
Access to major GS (%) 0.93 0.39
Distance to the closest major BS (m) 0.97 0.335
Area of the closest BS (km2) 1.07 0.134
Access to major BS (%) 1.02 0.914
High density residential area 1.15 0.003
Low density residential area 0.98 0.711
Dependent variable Minutes of walking per week
Model type nan
Sample size 1068.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Incidence_rate_ratio p-value
Street length density (m/km2) 1.13 0.001
Connectivity (intersections/km2) 1.09 0.03
Building area density (m/km2) 1.1 0.023
Population density (inhabitants/km2) 1.11 0.017
Facilities density (facilities/km2) 1.08 0.086
Facilities richness (facilities types/number of facilities) 1.11 0.004
Density of public transport stations (stations/km2) 1.09 0.009
Distance to the 1st public transport station (m) 0.94 0.039
PM2.5 (micromoles/m3) 1.1 0.334
NO2 (micromoles/m3) 1.12 0.023
Surrounding greenness (NDVI) 0.75 0.0
Distance to the closest major GS (m) 1.0 1.0
Area of the closest GS (km2) 1.0 1.0
Access to major GS (%) 0.93 0.377
Distance to the closest major BS (m) 0.98 0.518
Area of the closest BS (km2) 1.07 0.094
Access to major BS (%) 0.93 0.668
High density residential area 1.15 0.003
Low density residential area 0.96 0.418
Dependent variable Minutes of walking per week
Model type nan
Sample size 1039.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Incidence_rate_ratio p-value
Street length density (m/km2) 1.12 0.003
Connectivity (intersections/km2) 1.1 0.015
Building area density (m/km2) 1.08 0.04
Population density (inhabitants/km2) 1.11 0.017
Facilities density (facilities/km2) 1.05 0.152
Facilities richness (facilities types/number of facilities) 1.12 0.002
Density of public transport stations (stations/km2) 1.08 0.012
Distance to the 1st public transport station (m) 0.95 0.084
PM2.5 (micromoles/m3) 1.19 0.09
NO2 (micromoles/m3) 1.16 0.003
Surrounding greenness (NDVI) 0.77 0.0
Distance to the closest major GS (m) 1.0 1.0
Area of the closest GS (km2) 1.0 1.0
Access to major GS (%) 0.91 0.261
Distance to the closest major BS (m) 0.97 0.29
Area of the closest BS (km2) 1.07 0.097
Access to major BS (%) 0.88 0.448
High density residential area 1.15 0.002
Low density residential area 0.98 0.696
Dependent variable Minutes of walking per week
Model type nan
Sample size 7875.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Incidence_rate_ratio p-value
Most people who are important to me think that I should walk "for travel": Very much disagree 1.0 nan
Most people who are important to me think that I should walk "for travel": Disagree 1.12 0.19
Most people who are important to me think that I should walk "for travel": Neither agree nor disagree 1.3 <0.001
Most people who are important to me think that I should walk "for travel": Agree 1.4 <0.001
Most people who are important to me think that I should walk "for travel": Very much agree 1.97 <0.001
In my neighborhood walking is well regarded: Very much disagree or disagree 1.0 nan
In my neighborhood walking is well regarded: Neither agree nor disagree 0.93 0.43
In my neighborhood walking is well regarded: Agree 0.92 0.34
In my neighborhood walking is well regarded: Very much agree 1.11 0.36
In my neighborhood it is common for people to walk "for travel": Very much disagree or disagree 1.0 nan
In my neighborhood it is common for people to walk "for travel": Neither agree nor disagree 1.22 0.01
In my neighborhood it is common for people to walk "for travel": Agree 1.3 <0.01
In my neighborhood it is common for people to walk "for travel": Very much agree 1.65 <0.001
Dependent variable Minutes of walking per week
Model type nan
Sample size 7875.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Incidence_rate_ratio p-value
Short travel time: not important or less important 1.0 nan
Short travel time: neutral 0.91 0.47
Short travel time: important 0.72 <0.001
Short travel time: very important 0.68 <0.001
Lower travel cost: not important or less important 1.0 nan
Lower travel cost: neutral 1.11 0.32
Lower travel cost: important 1.1 0.29
Lower travel cost: very important 1.16 0.14
Higher travel comfort: not important or less important 1.0 nan
Higher travel comfort: neutral 1.16 0.05
Higher travel comfort: important 1.17 0.03
Higher travel comfort: very important 0.1 0.41
Safer travel (with regard to traffic): not important or less important 1.0 nan
Safer travel (with regard to traffic): neutral 1.05 0.6
Safer travel (with regard to traffic): important 1.08 0.42
Safer travel (with regard to traffic): very important 1.25 0.03
Safer travel (with regard to crime): not important 1.0 nan
Safer travel (with regard to crime): less important 1.03 0.81
Safer travel (with regard to crime): neutral 1.2 0.07
Safer travel (with regard to crime): important 1.28 0.01
Safer travel (with regard to crime): very important 1.44 <0.001
Lower exposure to air pollution: not important or less important 1.0 nan
Lower exposure to air pollution: neutral 1.23 0.01
Lower exposure to air pollution: important 1.32 <0.001
Lower exposure to air pollution: very important 1.4 <0.001
Privacy: not important 1.0 nan
Privacy: less important 1.06 0.47
Privacy: neutral 1.31 <0.001
Privacy: important 1.35 <0.001
Privacy: very important 1.59 <0.001
Personal health benefits: not important or less important 1.0 nan
Personal health benefits: neutral 1.14 0.2
Personal health benefits: important 1.1 0.31
Personal health benefits: very important 1.13 0.35
Low environmental impact: not important or less important 1.0 nan
Low environmental impact: neutral 1.11 0.35
Low environmental impact: important 1.0 0.98
Low environmental impact: very important 1.03 0.76
Flexible departure time: not important, less important, or neutral 1.0 nan
Flexible departure time: important 0.85 0.05
Flexible departure time: very important 0.73 <0.001
More predictable time and journey reliability: not importnat, less important, or neutral 1.0 nan
More predictable time and journey reliability: important 0.077 <0.001
More predictable time and journey reliability: very important 1.79 0.01
Dependent variable Minutes of walking per week
Model type nan
Sample size 7875.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Incidence_rate_ratio p-value
Walking saves time: very much disagree 1.0 nan
Walking saves time: disagree 1.29 <0.001
Walking saves time: neither agree nor disagree 1.84 <0.001
Walking saves time: agree 2.42 <0.001
Walking saves time: very much agree 2.81 <0.001
Walking is comfortable: very much disagree or disagree 1.0 nan
Walking is comfortable: neither agree nor disagree 1.31 <0.001
Walking is comfortable: agree 1.75 <0.001
Walking is comfortable: very much agree 2.16 <0.001
Walking is safe (with regard to traffic): very much disagree or disagree 1.0 nan
Walking is safe (with regard to traffic): neither agree nor disagree 1.09 0.36
Walking is safe (with regard to traffic): agree 1.09 0.34
Walking is safe (with regard to traffic): very much agree 1.26 0.03
Walking is safe (with regard to crime): very much disagree or disagree 1.0 nan
Walking is safe (with regard to crime): neither agree nor disagree 1.01 0.95
Walking is safe (with regard to crime): agree 1.04 0.64
Walking is safe (with regard to crime): very much agree 1.04 0.74
Walking is unpleasant because of high levels of air pollution: very much disagree or disagree 1.0 nan
Walking is unpleasant because of high levels of air pollution: neither agree nor disagree 1.07 0.34
Walking is unpleasant because of high levels of air pollution: agree 1.2 0.02
Walking is unpleasant because of high levels of air pollution: very much agree 1.03 0.8
Walking offers privacy: very much disagree or disagree 1.0 nan
Walking offers privacy: neither agree nor disagree 0.98 0.84
Walking offers privacy: agree 1.06 0.48
Walking offers privacy: very much agree 1.34 0.02
Walking offers personal health benefits: very much disagree, or neither agree nor disagree 1.0 nan
Walking offers personal health benefits: agree 1.05 0.63
Walking offers personal health benefits: very much agree 1.27 0.03
Walking offers flexibility (e.g. departure time): very much disagree, disagree, or neither agree nor disagree 1.0 nan
Walking offers flexibility (e.g. departure time): agree 0.97 0.71
Walking offers flexibility (e.g. departure time): very much agree 1.1 0.26
Walking offers predictable travel time: very much disagree, disagree, or neither agree nor disagree 1.0 nan
Walking offers predictable travel time: agree 0.87 0.07
Walking offers predictable travel time: very much agree 1.02 0.85
Dependent variable Minutes of walking per week
Model type nan
Sample size 6957.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Incidence_rate_ratio p-value
Street length density (m/km2) 1.11 0.01
Connectivity (intersections/km2) 1.08 0.04
Building area density (m/km2) 1.09 0.03
Population density (inhabitants/km2) 1.1 0.03
Facilities density (facilities/km2) 1.06 0.17
Facilities richness (facilities types/number of facilities) 1.11 <0.001
Density of public transport stations (stations/km2) 1.08 0.02
Distance to the 1st public transport station (m) 0.95 0.12
PM2.5 (micromoles/m3) 1.12 0.23
NO2 (micromoles/m3) 1.1 0.05
Surrounding greenness (NDVI) 0.79 <0.001
Distance to the closest major GS (m) 1.0 0.94
Area of the closest GS (km2) 1.0 0.88
Access to major GS (%) 0.93 0.42
Distance to the closest major BS (m) 0.99 0.82
Area of the closest BS (km2) 1.07 0.14
Access to major BS (%) 0.88 0.44
High density residential area 1.14 <0.001
Low density residential area 0.98 0.75
High density residential and work/study areas 1.21 <0.001
Low density residential area but high density work/study area 0.98 0.59
Dependent variable Minutes of walking per week
Model type nan
Sample size 6957.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Incidence_rate_ratio p-value
Street length density (m/km2) 1.1 <0.001
Connectivity (intersections/km2) 1.06 0.09
Building area density (m/km2) 1.06 0.07
Population density (inhabitants/km2) 1.09 0.01
Facilities density (facilities/km2) 1.04 0.19
Facilities richness (facilities types/number of facilities) 1.04 0.2
Density of public transport stations (stations/km2) 1.02 0.58
Distance to the 1st public transport station (m) 1.0 0.99
PM2.5 (micromoles/m3) 1.21 0.05
NO2 (micromoles/m3) 1.11 0.04
Surrounding greenness (NDVI) 0.86 <0.001
Distance to the closest major GS (m) 1.0 0.9
Area of the closest GS (km2) 1.03 0.41
Access to major GS (%) 0.83 0.03
Distance to the closest major BS (m) 1.03 0.32
Area of the closest BS (km2) 1.07 0.25
Access to major BS (%) 0.84 0.12
High density residential area 1.12 0.01
Low density residential area 1.08 0.28
Dependent variable Minutes of walking per week
Model type nan
Sample size 6957.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Incidence_rate_ratio p-value
Age 1.0 0.63
Gender (female) 0.95 0.43
High level of education 0.73 <0.001
Part-time employed 0.86 0.08
Student 0.9 0.25
Sometimes has access to a car or van 0.94 0.51
Always has access to a car or van 0.94 0.56
Access to a bike 1.21 0.07
High density residential area 1.12 0.02
Low density residential area 0.96 0.43
Walk-friendly social environment 1.06 0.02
Safe, healthy, sustainable and private travel 1.05 0.01
Short, flexible and predictable travel, do not care about health or environment 0.98 0.35
Flexible and predictable travel. Health and environment are relevant, but not comfort or safety 0.89 <0.001
Cheap and short travel 1.0 0.92
Very good opinion about walking 1.08 <0.001
Walking is unpleasant, but it is fast 1.13 <0.001
Walking is not flexible, but it is comfortable 1.14 <0.001
Walk and use public transport 1.78 <0.001
Use the car and motorbike, but not the bike 1.31 <0.001
Use the motorbike, but not the car 0.92 0.01
Walk but also use other modes of transport except public transport 1.32 <0.001
Use public transport and the bike (but do not walk) 0.79 <0.001
Dependent variable Minutes of walking per week
Model type nan
Sample size 6957.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Incidence_rate_ratio p-value
Age 1.0 0.2
Gender (female) 1.02 0.71
High level of education 0.81 <0.001
Part-time employed 0.91 0.25
Student 0.97 0.78
Sometimes has access to a car or van 0.86 0.1
Always has access to a car or van 0.81 0.01
Access to a bike 0.65 <0.001
High density residential area 1.09 0.08
Low density residential area 0.96 0.51
Walk-friendly social environment 1.05 0.05
Safe, healthy, sustainable and private travel 1.03 0.07
Short, flexible and predictable travel, do not care about health or environment 0.96 0.12
Flexible and predictable travel. Health and environment are relevant, but not comfort or safety 0.85 <0.001
Cheap and short travel 1.02 0.59
Very good opinion about walking 1.11 <0.001
Walking is unpleasant, but it is fast 1.2 <0.001
Walking is not flexible, but it is comfortable 1.12 <0.001
Dependent variable Minutes of walking per week
Model type nan
Sample size 6957.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Incidence_rate_ratio p-value
Age 1.0 0.47
Gender (female) 0.95 0.43
High level of education 0.74 <0.001
Part-time employed 0.86 0.07
Student 0.89 0.23
Sometimes has access to a car or van 0.95 0.54
Always has access to a car or van 0.94 0.51
Access to a bike 1.2 0.08
High density work/study area 1.05 0.25
Low density work/study area 1.07 0.32
Walk-friendly social environment 1.07 0.01
Safe, healthy, sustainable and private travel 1.05 0.01
Short, flexible and predictable travel, do not care about health or environment 0.98 0.38
Flexible and predictable travel. Health and environment are relevant, but not comfort or safety 0.89 <0.001
Cheap and short travel 1.0 0.95
Very good opinion about walking 1.08 <0.001
Walking is unpleasant, but it is fast 1.14 <0.001
Walking is not flexible, but it is comfortable 1.13 <0.001
Walk and use public transport 1.78 <0.001
Use the car and motorbike, but not the bike 1.31 <0.001
Use the motorbike, but not the car 0.92 0.02
Walk but also use other modes of transport except public transport 1.32 <0.001
Use public transport and the bike (but do not walk) 0.79 <0.001
Dependent variable Minutes of walking per week
Model type nan
Sample size 6957.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Incidence_rate_ratio p-value
Age 1.0 0.15
Gender (female) 1.02 0.77
High level of education 0.82 0.01
Part-time employed 0.91 0.28
Student 0.98 0.87
Sometimes has access to a car or van 0.86 0.1
Always has access to a car or van 0.79 <0.001
Access to a bike 0.65 <0.001
High density work/study area 1.09 0.03
Low density work/study area 1.04 0.55
Walk-friendly social environment 1.06 0.03
Safe, healthy, sustainable and private travel 1.03 0.08
Short, flexible and predictable travel, do not care about health or environment 0.96 0.12
Flexible and predictable travel. Health and environment are relevant, but not comfort or safety 0.85 <0.001
Cheap and short travel 1.02 0.61
Very good opinion about walking 1.11 <0.001
Walking is unpleasant, but it is fast 1.2 <0.001
Walking is not flexible, but it is comfortable 1.12 <0.001

The Attitudes and Travel Database is produced with support from the Center for Teaching Old Models New Tricks at Arizona State University, a University Transportation Center sponsored by the US Department of Transportation through Grant No. 69A3551747116.

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