Going soft: On how subjective variables explain modal choices for leisure travel

van Acker, Mokhtarian, Witlox, 2011, in European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research

doi:10.18757/ejtir.2011.11.2.2919
Location Antwerp, Belgium and Ghent, Belgium
Population General
Sample size 1878
Factor analysis type exploratory factor analysis, promax rotation
Stepwise regression no
Removal of insignificant variables yes
Reviewed by LCM

Factors

Variable Pattern loading
What aspects are important? Sunny (Lifestyle) 0.582
What aspects are important? Relaxation (Lifestyle) 0.408
What aspects are important? Good food (Lifestyle) 0.329
What aspects are important? Sports accomodation (Lifestyle) 0.307
What type of accomodation? Resort, holiday village (Not an attitude) 0.229
Variable Pattern loading
What expenses are important? Inexpensive, low-budget (Cost) 0.2
What aspects are important? Familiar places (Lifestyle) 0.34
What aspects are important? Close to home (Lifestyle) 0.324
What aspects are important? No language problems (Lifestyle) 0.251
What aspects are important? Unfamiliar places, adventure (Lifestyle) -0.226
Variable Pattern loading
What type of accomodation? Hotel (Not an attitude) 0.24
What aspects are important? Culture (Lifestyle) 0.437
What type of accomodation? Local people (Lifestyle) 0.387
How do you travel? By airplane (Not an attitude) 0.341
What aspects are important? Nature (Lifestyle) 0.328
What aspects are important? Unfamiliar places, adventure (Lifestyle) 0.211
Variable Pattern loading
How many holidays lasted one week or longer? (Not an attitude) 0.818
How many times did you spend a holiday the past year? (Not an attitude) 0.766
What type of accomodation? Second home (Not an attitude) 0.256
Variable Pattern loading
What expenses are important? Inexpensive, low-budget (Cost) -0.264
How do you travel? By car (Not an attitude) 0.686
What type of accomodation? Rental house (Not an attitude) 0.389
How do you travel? By train (Not an attitude) -0.277
How do you travel? By airplane (Not an attitude) -0.29
What aspects are important? Nature (Lifestyle) 0.243
Variable Pattern loading
What type of accomodation? Camping site (Not an attitude) 0.742
What type of accomodation? Hotel (Not an attitude) -0.531
Who organizes the holiday? Myself (Lifestyle) 0.486
What expenses are important? Inexpensive, low-budget (Cost) 0.425
How do you travel? By train (Not an attitude) 0.275
What aspects are important? Luxury (Lifestyle) -0.246
What aspects are important? Nature (Lifestyle) 0.248
What aspects are important? Unfamiliar places, adventure (Lifestyle) 0.221
Variable Pattern loading
Literary subjects: history (Lifestyle) 0.612
Literary subjects: art, architecture (Lifestyle) 0.522
Literary subjects: politics, news magazine (Lifestyle) 0.375
Literary subjects: religion, spirituality (Lifestyle) 0.337
Literary subjects: novel (Lifestyle) 0.232
Variable Pattern loading
Literary subjects: thriller, adventure (Lifestyle) 0.549
Literary subjects: fantasy, SF (Lifestyle) 0.427
Literary subjects: horror (Lifestyle) 0.421
Literary subjects: detective, crime story (Lifestyle) 0.4
Literary subjects: humor, comedy (Lifestyle) 0.387
Literary subjects: comic book, cartoon (Lifestyle) 0.356
Variable Pattern loading
Literary subjects: housing/decoration (Lifestyle) 0.581
Literary subjects: gardening (Lifestyle) 0.558
Literary subjects: DIY (Lifestyle) 0.481
Literary subjects: cooking (Lifestyle) 0.38
Literary subjects: health (Lifestyle) 0.338
Literary subjects: pets (Lifestyle) 0.259
Literary subjects: environment, nature (Lifestyle) 0.286
Variable Pattern loading
Literary subjects: thriller, adventure (Lifestyle) -0.288
Literary subjects: detective, crime story (Lifestyle) -0.3
Literary subjects: humor, comedy (Lifestyle) 0.271
Literary subjects: novel (Lifestyle) -0.391
Literary subjects: computer, ICT (Lifestyle) 0.331
Literary subjects: sports (Lifestyle) 0.325
Literary subjects: men's magazine (Lifestyle) 0.242
Literary subjects: finance, business, trade (Lifestyle) 0.242
Variable Pattern loading
Literary subjects: humor, comedy (Lifestyle) 0.233
Literary subjects: women's magazine (Lifestyle) 0.582
Literary subjects: fashion (Lifestyle) 0.528
Literary subjects: entertainment, showbiz (Lifestyle) 0.365
Literary subjects: science (Lifestyle) -0.318
Literary subjects: environment, nature (Lifestyle) -0.294
Variable Pattern loading
Sports: cycling (Lifestyle) 0.213
Recreational activities: shopping (Lifestyle) -0.258
Recreational activities: going for dinner, to restaurant (Lifestyle) -0.25
Recreational activities: listening to the radio, to music (Lifestyle) 0.239
Recreational activities: cooking (Lifestyle) -0.203
Cultural activities: concert (Lifestyle) 0.251
Hobbies: computer, web design (Lifestyle) 0.376
Hobbies: playing music (Lifestyle) 0.356
Hobbies: photography (Lifestyle) 0.244
Recreational activities: cultural and creative activities (Lifestyle) 0.235
Variable Pattern loading
Cultural activities: museum, exhibition (Lifestyle) 0.526
Cultural activities: opera, musical (Lifestyle) 0.509
Cultural activities: concert (Lifestyle) 0.411
Hobbies: reading (Lifestyle) 0.385
Cultural activities: library (Lifestyle) 0.35
Cultural activities: ballet, dance performance (Lifestyle) 0.285
Sports: walking (Lifestyle) 0.278
Hobbies: playacting (Lifestyle) 0.258
Variable Pattern loading
Recreational activities: a night out in a disco or at a party (Lifestyle) 0.896
Cultural activities: party (Lifestyle) 0.617
Cultural activities: disco, club (Lifestyle) 0.569
Variable Pattern loading
Recreational activities: going for dinner, to restaurant (Lifestyle) 0.362
Recreational activities: listening to the radio, to music (Lifestyle) 0.342
Recreational activities: visiting family and friends (Lifestyle) 0.298
Recreational activities: inviting family and friends (Lifestyle) 0.241
Recreational activities: cooking (Lifestyle) 0.216
Variable Pattern loading
Recreational activities: volunteering, club/social life (Lifestyle) 0.903
Hobbies: volunteering, club/social life (Lifestyle) 0.888
Member of a club (Lifestyle) 0.24
Variable Pattern loading
Hobbies: gardening (Lifestyle) -0.283
Recreational activities: gardening (Lifestyle) -0.342
Recreational activities: going to the movies, cinema (Lifestyle) 0.537
Recreational activities: staying at home and relaxing (Lifestyle) 0.506
Recreational activities: shopping (Lifestyle) 0.467
Recreational activities: watching TV, movies, DVD (Lifestyle) 0.464
Cultural activities: going to the movies, cinema (Lifestyle) 0.441
Variable Pattern loading
Recreational activities: practicing sports (Lifestyle) 0.853
Hobbies: practicing sports (Lifestyle) 0.846
Sports: jogging, running (Lifestyle) 0.391
Sports: soccer (Lifestyle) 0.271
Sports: badminton, (table) tennis, squash (Lifestyle) 0.271
Variable Pattern loading
Hobbies: doing chores, do-it-yourself (Lifestyle) 0.67
Hobbies: gardening (Lifestyle) 0.598
Recreational activities: gardening (Lifestyle) 0.56
Recreational activities: doing chores, do-it-yourself (Lifestyle) 0.555
Cultural activities: flea market (Lifestyle) 0.323
Hobbies: constructing and repairing furniture (Lifestyle) 0.272
Sports: cycling (Lifestyle) 0.253
Cultural activities: parade (Lifestyle) 0.239
Cultural activities: commodity exchange (Lifestyle) 0.214
Sports: walking (Lifestyle) 0.26
Variable Pattern loading
Leisure: socially engaged (Lifestyle) 0.843
Literary interests: culture and current events (Lifestyle) 0.444
Holiday: culture lover (Lifestyle) 0.423
Literary interests: non-emotional readers (Lifestyle) -0.305
Variable Pattern loading
Leisure: party people (Lifestyle) 0.937
Leisure: traditional family activities (Lifestyle) -0.246
Literary interests: style and trends (Lifestyle) 0.262
Variable Pattern loading
Leisure: sports (Lifestyle) 0.741
Literary interests: home improvement, cocooning (Lifestyle) 0.628
Holiday: self-organized, family-oriented (Lifestyle) 0.253
Variable Pattern loading
Leisure: traditional family activities (Lifestyle) 0.607
Literary interests: style and trends (Lifestyle) 0.598
Holiday: all-in-one (Lifestyle) 0.444
Holiday: frequent traveler with second home (Lifestyle) -0.2
Variable Pattern loading
Leisure: creative (Lifestyle) 0.922
Literary interests: non-emotional, nonfiction (Lifestyle) 0.289
Holiday: low-budget, active and adventurous (Lifestyle) 0.246
Variable Pattern loading
Close to public transport (Res preference/perception) 0.334
Close to shops, groceries (Res preference/perception) 0.738
Close to leisure activities (Res preference/perception) 0.687
Close to family and friends (Res preference/perception) 0.391
Close to work (Res preference/perception) 0.349
Variable Pattern loading
Presence of bike paths (Res preference/perception) 0.863
Presence of sidewalks (Safety) 0.822
Traffic safety (Safety) 0.42
Close to public transport (Res preference/perception) 0.375
Variable Pattern loading
Presence of green areas (Res preference/perception) 0.918
Quietness (Res preference/perception) 0.793
Neatness, tidiness (Res preference/perception) 0.286
Variable Pattern loading
Traffic safety (Safety) 0.403
Social safety, no crimes (Res preference/perception) 0.766
Neatness, tidiness (Res preference/perception) 0.552
Sufficient parking places (Res preference/perception) 0.454
Outlook of buildings, architecture (Res preference/perception) 0.318
Variable Pattern loading
Frequent contact with neighbors (Res preference/perception) 0.777
Good contact with neighbors (Res preference/perception) 0.761
Variable Pattern loading
Daily travel is boring (Convenience) 0.876
I love being on the road (Mode-liking) -0.757
Travel time is wasted time (Convenience) 0.643
Arriving at my destination is the only good thing about daily travel (Convenience) 0.562
Traffic makes me nervous (Safety) 0.368
I like to discover new and unfamiliar places (Lifestyle) -0.294
Variable Pattern loading
Traffic makes me nervous (Safety) 0.27
Car traffic causes serious problems (Transport policy) 0.637
I myself can contribute to a solution for traffic problems (Transport policy) 0.596
It does not matter whether I use my car or not. Other people still drive their cars (Transport policy) -0.486
According to family and friends, traffic problems are overexaggerated (Social norms) -0.263
According to family and friends, I should use my car only when absolutely necessary (Social norms) 0.301
Variable Pattern loading
According to family and friends, I should use public transport more often (Social norms) 0.757
According to family and friends, I should use bike more often (Social norms) 0.724
According to family and friends, I should use my car only when absolutely necessary (Social norms) 0.323
Variable Pattern loading
Reliable (car) (Convenience) 0.625
Comfortable (car) (Comfort) 0.616
Flexible (car) (Convenience) 0.596
Time-saving (car) (Convenience) 0.582
Privacy-offering (car) (Comfort) 0.472
Safe (car) (Safety) 0.454
Relaxing (car) (Comfort) 0.372
Good for image (car) (Social norms) 0.294
Activities while traveling (car) (Convenience) 0.207
Variable Pattern loading
Healthy (car) (Lifestyle) -0.677
Cheap (car) (Cost) -0.483
Environment-friendly (car) (Environmentalism) -0.48
Variable Pattern loading
Privacy-offering (cycling) (Comfort) 0.634
Privacy-offering (walking) (Comfort) 0.606
Comfortable (cycling) (Comfort) 0.515
Comfortable (walking) (Comfort) 0.461
Time-saving (cycling) (Convenience) 0.374
Time-saving (walking) (Convenience) 0.223
Safe (cycling) (Safety) 0.357
Safe (walking) (Safety) 0.331
Flexible (cycling) (Convenience) 0.353
Flexible (walking) (Convenience) 0.346
Reliable (cycling) (Convenience) 0.331
Reliable (walking) (Convenience) 0.321
Good for image (cycling) (Social norms) 0.233
Good for image (walking) (Social norms) 0.267
Variable Pattern loading
Flexible (cycling) (Convenience) 0.322
Flexible (walking) (Convenience) 0.215
Reliable (walking) (Convenience) 0.333
Cheap (cycling) (Cost) 0.658
Cheap (walking) (Cost) 0.615
Healthy (cycling) (Lifestyle) 0.618
Healthy (walking) (Lifestyle) 0.65
Environment-friendly (cycling) (Environmentalism) 0.626
Environment-friendly (walking) (Environmentalism) 0.557
Relaxing (cycling) (Comfort) 0.265
Relaxing (walking) (Comfort) 0.304
Variable Pattern loading
Comfortable (Comfort) 0.781
Relaxing (Comfort) 0.471
Safe (Safety) 0.296
Variable Pattern loading
Environment-friendly (Environmentalism) 0.65
Activities while traveling (Convenience) 0.34
Safe (Safety) 0.319
Cheap (Cost) 0.301
Good for image (Social norms) 0.249
Healthy (Lifestyle) 0.248
Variable Pattern loading
Cheap (Cost) 0.218
Flexible (Convenience) 0.633
Time-saving (Convenience) 0.323
Reliable (Convenience) 0.284
Privacy offering (Comfort) 0.249
Variable Pattern loading
Population density (Not an attitude) 0.953
Built up index (Not an attitude) 0.718
Job density (Not an attitude) 0.532
Land use mix (Not an attitude) -0.407
Potential accessibility 5 minutes (Not an attitude) 0.356
Variable Pattern loading
Potential accessibility 30 minutes (Not an attitude) 0.464
Potential accessibility 10 minutes (Not an attitude) 0.994
Potential accessibility 15 minutes (Not an attitude) 0.86
Potential accessibility 5 minutes (Not an attitude) 0.625
Variable Pattern loading
Distance to railway station level 1,2,3,4,5 (Not an attitude) 1.061
Distance to railway station level 1,2,3,4,5,6 (Not an attitude) 0.995
Distance to railway station level 1,2,3,4 (Not an attitude) 0.768
Distance to railway station level 1,2,3 (Not an attitude) 0.443
Distance to city level 1,2,3,4,5 (Not an attitude) 0.35
Variable Pattern loading
Distance to railway station level 1,2,3 (Not an attitude) 0.361
Distance to railway station level 1 (Not an attitude) 0.356
Distance to city level 1,2,3 (Not an attitude) 0.929
Distance to city level 1,2,3,4 (Not an attitude) 0.797
Distance to city level 1,2 (Not an attitude) 0.705
Distance to railway station level 1,2 (Not an attitude) 0.622
Distance to city level 1,2,3,4,5 (Not an attitude) 0.515
Variable Pattern loading
Potential accessibility 60 minutes (Not an attitude) 1.023
Potential accessibility 45 minutes (Not an attitude) 0.969
Distance to city level 1 (Not an attitude) -0.918
Potential accessibility 30 minutes (Not an attitude) 0.553
Distance to railway station level 1 (Not an attitude) -0.44
Distance to railway station level 1,2 (Not an attitude) -0.314
Variable Pattern loading
Presence of children in the household (Not an attitude) 0.242
Household position as a child (Not an attitude) -0.321
Highly educated (Not an attitude) 0.273
Age (Not an attitude) 0.558
Household income (Not an attitude) 0.446
Full-time employment (Not an attitude) 0.444
Variable Pattern loading
Presence of children in the household (Not an attitude) 0.946
Number of older children in the household (+18 y) (Not an attitude) 0.938
Household position as a child (Not an attitude) 0.739
Highly educated (Not an attitude) -0.39
Full-time employment (Not an attitude) -0.32
Variable Pattern loading
Presence of children in the household (Not an attitude) 0.361
Number of older children in the household (+18 y) (Not an attitude) -0.271
Number of young children in the household (-6 y) (Not an attitude) 0.937

Models

Source variable Target variable Effect p-value Effect type
Culture lover AL car use -0.142 <0.01 direct_effect
Home-oriented traditional family AL car use 0.207 <0.01 direct_effect
Location relative to local centre AL car use 0.276 <0.01 direct_effect
Location relative to regional centre AL car use 0.376 <0.01 direct_effect
Local accessibility AL car use -0.257 <0.01 direct_effect
Regional accessibility AL car use -0.192 <0.01 direct_effect
Density AL car use -0.289 <0.01 direct_effect
Bike/on foot=positive effects AL car use -0.137 <0.01 direct_effect
Car availability AL car use 0.606 <0.01 direct_effect
Source variable Target variable Effect p-value Effect type
Low-budget and active-creative FV car use -0.15 <0.01 direct_effect
Home-oriented traditional family FV car use 0.139 <0.01 direct_effect
Location relative to local center FV car use 0.129 <0.01 direct_effect
Location relative to regional center FV car use 0.228 <0.01 direct_effect
Local accessibility FV car use -0.177 <0.01 direct_effect
Regional accessibility FV car use -0.138 <0.01 direct_effect
Density FV car use -0.313 <0.01 direct_effect
Car availability FV car use 0.253 <0.01 direct_effect
Source variable Target variable Effect p-value Effect type
Location relative to local center FS car use 0.523 <0.01 direct_effect
Location relative to regional center FS car use 0.488 <0.01 direct_effect
Local accessibility FS car use -0.41 <0.01 direct_effect
Regional accessibility FS car use -0.37 <0.01 direct_effect
Density FS car use -0.635 <0.01 direct_effect
Car availability FS car use 0.567 <0.01 direct_effect
Source variable Target variable Effect p-value Effect type
Car availability AL PT use -0.488 <0.01 direct_effect
Source variable Target variable Effect p-value Effect type
Location relative to local center FV PT use -0.33 <0.01 direct_effect
Location relative to regional center FV PT use -0.526 <0.01 direct_effect
Local accessibility FV PT use 0.436 <0.01 direct_effect
Regional accessibility FV PT use 0.292 <0.01 direct_effect
Density FV PT use 0.656 <0.01 direct_effect
Car availability FV PT use -0.499 <0.01 direct_effect
Source variable Target variable Effect p-value Effect type
Student living at home FS PT use 0.242 <0.01 direct_effect
Gender (female) FS PT use 0.274 <0.01 direct_effect
Local accessibility FS PT use 0.192 <0.01 direct_effect
Regional accessibility FS PT use 0.197 <0.01 direct_effect
Car availability FS PT use -0.555 <0.01 direct_effect
Source variable Target variable Effect p-value Effect type
Low-budget and active-creative AL cycling/walking use 0.131 <0.01 direct_effect
Location relative to local center AL cycling/walking use -0.168 <0.01 direct_effect
Location relative to regional center AL cycling/walking use -0.218 <0.01 direct_effect
Density AL cycling/walking use 0.155 <0.01 direct_effect
Car=comfortable AL cycling/walking use -0.209 <0.01 direct_effect
Car availability AL cycling/walking use -0.295 <0.01 direct_effect
Source variable Target variable Effect p-value Effect type
Student living at home FV cycling/walking use 0.189 <0.01 direct_effect
Friends and trends FV cycling/walking use -0.153 <0.01 direct_effect
Low-budget and active-creative FV cycling/walking use 0.166 <0.01 direct_effect
Car=comfortable FV cycling/walking use -0.116 <0.01 direct_effect
Car availability FV cycling/walking use -0.264 <0.01 direct_effect
Source variable Target variable Effect p-value Effect type
Friends and trends FS cycling/walking use -0.137 <0.01 direct_effect
Low-budget and active-creative FS cycling/walking use 0.124 <0.01 direct_effect
Location relative to local center FS cycling/walking use -0.494 <0.01 direct_effect
Location relative to regional center FS cycling/walking use -0.573 <0.01 direct_effect
Local accessibility FS cycling/walking use 0.255 <0.01 direct_effect
Density FS cycling/walking use 0.605 <0.01 direct_effect
Car availability FS cycling/walking use -0.16 <0.01 direct_effect
Source variable Target variable Effect p-value Effect type
Location relative to local center AL car use 0.218 <0.01 direct_effect
Location relative to regional center AL car use 0.361 <0.01 direct_effect
Local accessibility AL car use -0.28 <0.01 direct_effect
Regional accessibility AL car use -0.206 <0.01 direct_effect
Density AL car use -0.293 <0.01 direct_effect
Car availability AL car use 0.471 <0.01 direct_effect
Source variable Target variable Effect p-value Effect type
Young family FV car use 0.156 <0.01 direct_effect
Density FV car use -0.132 <0.01 direct_effect
Car availability FV car use 0.431 <0.01 direct_effect
Source variable Target variable Effect p-value Effect type
Gender (female) FS car use -0.176 <0.01 direct_effect
Location relative to local center FS car use 0.322 <0.01 direct_effect
Location relative to regional center FS car use 0.334 <0.01 direct_effect
Local accessibility FS car use -0.2 <0.01 direct_effect
Regional accessibility FS car use -0.25 <0.01 direct_effect
Density FS car use -0.389 <0.01 direct_effect
Car availability FS car use 0.506 <0.01 direct_effect
Source variable Target variable Effect p-value Effect type
Car availability AL PT use -0.401 <0.01 direct_effect
Source variable Target variable Effect p-value Effect type
Student living at home FV PT use -0.257 <0.01 direct_effect
Young family FV PT use -0.137 <0.01 direct_effect
Density FV PT use 0.242 <0.01 direct_effect
Car availability FV PT use -0.538 <0.01 direct_effect
Source variable Target variable Effect p-value Effect type
Student living at home FS PT use 0.306 <0.01 direct_effect
Older family, working FS PT use -0.229 <0.01 direct_effect
Young family FS PT use -0.13 <0.01 direct_effect
Gender (female) FS PT use 0.229 <0.01 direct_effect
Local accessibility FS PT use 0.195 <0.01 direct_effect
Regional accessibility FS PT use 0.148 <0.01 direct_effect
Car availability FS PT use -0.293 <0.01 direct_effect
Source variable Target variable Effect p-value Effect type
Older family, working AL cycling/walking use -0.124 <0.01 direct_effect
Density AL cycling/walking use 0.106 <0.01 direct_effect
Car availability AL cycling/walking use -0.244 <0.01 direct_effect
Source variable Target variable Effect p-value Effect type
Student living at home FV cycling/walking use 0.193 <0.01 direct_effect
Car availability FV cycling/walking use -0.233 <0.01 direct_effect
Source variable Target variable Effect p-value Effect type
Location relative to local center FS cycling/walking use -0.388 <0.01 direct_effect
Location relative to regional center FS cycling/walking use -0.519 <0.01 direct_effect
Local accessibility FS cycling/walking use 0.202 <0.01 direct_effect
Density FS cycling/walking use 0.477 <0.01 direct_effect
Car availability FS cycling/walking use -0.111 <0.01 direct_effect

The Attitudes and Travel Database is produced with support from the Center for Teaching Old Models New Tricks at Arizona State University, a University Transportation Center sponsored by the US Department of Transportation through Grant No. 69A3551747116.

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