Modeling travel behavior by the structural relationships between lifestyle, built environment and non-working trips

Etminani-Ghasrodashti, Ardeshiri, 2015, in Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice

doi:10.1016/j.tra.2015.06.016
Location Shiraz, Iran
Population General
Sample size 900
Factor analysis type exploratory factor analysis, promax rotation
Stepwise regression no
Removal of insignificant variables no
Reviewed by LCM

Abstract

In the context of sustainable urban transport in developing countries, individuals' travel behavior faces multiple factors which influence their mobility patterns. Recognizing these factors could be a favorable method to organize more regular and sustainable trip patterns. This study aims to identify the less well-known lifestyle along with more popular built environment as the main factors which shape travel behaviors. Employing data from 900 respondents of 22 urban areas in city of Shiraz, Iran, this paper explores travel behaviors as non-working trip frequencies by different modes. Results of structural equation model indicate a strong significant effect of individual's lifestyle patterns on their non-working trips. However, built environment impact on travel behavior is small compared to lifestyle. Besides, other variables such as travel attitudes and socio-economic factors stay crucial in the mode choice selection. These findings indicate the necessity of regarding lifestyle orientations in travel studies as well as objective factors such as land use attributes. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.

Factors

Variable Pattern loading
Service provider (e.g. banks, ATM, post office) (Lifestyle) 0.268
Health centers (e.g. family doctor, clinic) (Lifestyle) 0.347
Food stores (Lifestyle) 0.593
Cloth stores (Lifestyle) 0.541
Health care stores (Lifestyle) 0.936
Variable Pattern loading
Children school (Lifestyle) 0.626
Educational centers of yours or your spouse (Lifestyle) 0.516
Variable Pattern loading
A club for exercise (e.g. gym, swim pool, tennis court, basketball, football, and etc.) (Lifestyle) 0.538
Cinema, theater, music concert, art exhibition (Lifestyle) 0.605
Restaurant and coffee shops (Lifestyle) 0.671
Natural gardens (e.g. garden cities) (Lifestyle) 0.437
Strolling in malls and shopping centers for fun (Lifestyle) 0.438
Strolling in streets without any purpose (Lifestyle) 0.281
Variable Pattern loading
A place for walking, cycling, mountaineering, jugging (Lifestyle) 0.515
Park and green spaces (Lifestyle) 0.563
Visiting relatives (Lifestyle) 0.461
Attend in religious ceremonies (Lifestyle) 0.518
Variable Pattern loading
Population density (Not an attitude) 0.884
Residential density (Not an attitude) 0.786
Job density (Not an attitude) -0.563
Variable Pattern loading
Distance from home to closest bus station (minute) (Not an attitude) 0.791
Distance from home to closest intersection (minute) (Not an attitude) 0.772
Variable Pattern loading
Entropy index (Not an attitude) 0.786
Street density (Not an attitude) 0.711
Internal connectivity (Not an attitude) -0.636
Variable Pattern loading
Increasing the fuel price was needed in order to limit car use by people in Iran (Transport policy) 0.711
We need more public transport, even if we have to pay more tax for it (Transport policy) 0.747
Variable Pattern loading
I feel more safety when I travel by my private car (Safety) 0.585
I do not feel comfortable when I travel with others by bus (Comfort) 0.709
When I travel by my private car, I can travel in any path, any road (Convenience) 0.672
Variable Pattern loading
We need more highways in Shiraz (Transport policy) 0.88
It is needed to expand the roads and make more multilevel junctions in Shiraz (Transport policy) 0.882
Widening the roads leads to the flow of traffic (Transport policy) 0.6
Variable Pattern loading
I am ready to limit my car use in order to decrease traffic congestion and air pollution (environmentalism) 0.595
I would definitely use bicycle for my trips, if a suitable bike lane be designed in Shiraz (safety) 0.786
Variable Pattern loading
Getting stuck in traffic makes me nervous (safety) 0.544
Nowadays, it is difficult to find a place in streets to park my car (convenience) 0.784
When I park my car in a street for a long time, I am worried about it being stolen (safety) 0.719
Variable Pattern loading
Green and open spaces (Res preference/perception) 0.55
Calmness (Res preference/perception) 0.811
Social safety, lack of crime (Res preference/perception) 0.836
Cleanliness (Res preference/perception) 0.329
Good views and scenery (Res preference/perception) 0.66
Close to grocery stores (Res preference/perception) 0.734
Close to job location (Res preference/perception) 0.3
Close to neighborhood park (Res preference/perception) 0.45
Variable Pattern loading
Close to family and friends (Res preference/perception) 0.627
Existing neighbors with special ethnicity (Res preference/perception) 0.75
Friendly relationship with neighbors (Res preference/perception) 0.778
Variable Pattern loading
Existing suitable sidewalks (Res preference/perception) 0.603
Low traffic (Res preference/perception) 0.543
Close to bus stop (Res preference/perception) 0.382
Variable Pattern loading
Income (Not an attitude) 0.885
Number of private cars in family (Not an attitude) 0.637
Variable Pattern loading
People above 18 in family (Not an attitude) 0.851
Number of employees in family (Not an attitude) 0.81
Variable Pattern loading
Age (Not an attitude) 0.964

Models

Source variable Target variable Effect p-value Effect type
Household composition Modern oriented lifestyle 0.151 <0.01 standardized_indirect_effect
Financial position Modern oriented lifestyle 0.15 <0.01 standardized_indirect_effect
Profile Modern oriented lifestyle -0.34 <0.01 standardized_indirect_effect
Physical-oriented Modern oriented lifestyle 0.039 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Time management Modern oriented lifestyle 0.021 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Pro-environment Modern oriented lifestyle 0.079 <0.05 standardized_indirect_effect
Individualist Modern oriented lifestyle 0.056 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Economic-political Modern oriented lifestyle -0.05 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Comfort Modern oriented lifestyle -0.09 <0.05 standardized_indirect_effect
Social cohesion Modern oriented lifestyle 0.067 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Traffic resistance Modern oriented lifestyle 0.006 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Spatial distribution Modern oriented lifestyle 0.103 <0.05 standardized_indirect_effect
Density Modern oriented lifestyle -0.058 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Local accessibility to transit Modern oriented lifestyle 0.012 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Household composition Traditional oriented lifestyle 0.053 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Financial position Traditional oriented lifestyle -0.032 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Profile Traditional oriented lifestyle 0.001 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Physical-oriented Traditional oriented lifestyle 0.034 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Time management Traditional oriented lifestyle 0.013 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Pro-environment Traditional oriented lifestyle 0.128 <0.01 standardized_indirect_effect
Individualist Traditional oriented lifestyle -0.075 <0.1 standardized_indirect_effect
Economic-political Traditional oriented lifestyle 0.124 <0.01 standardized_indirect_effect
Comfort Traditional oriented lifestyle 0.01 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Social cohesion Traditional oriented lifestyle 0.153 <0.01 standardized_indirect_effect
Traffic resistance Traditional oriented lifestyle 0.08 <0.1 standardized_indirect_effect
Spatial distribution Traditional oriented lifestyle 0.068 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Density Traditional oriented lifestyle 0.032 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Local accessibility to transit Traditional oriented lifestyle 0.015 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Household composition Consumer oriented lifestyle 0.068 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Financial position Consumer oriented lifestyle 0.045 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Profile Consumer oriented lifestyle 0.041 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Physical-oriented Consumer oriented lifestyle 0.084 <0.1 standardized_indirect_effect
Time management Consumer oriented lifestyle 0.044 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Pro-environment Consumer oriented lifestyle 0.039 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Individualist Consumer oriented lifestyle 0.097 <0.1 standardized_indirect_effect
Economic-political Consumer oriented lifestyle 0.012 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Comfort Consumer oriented lifestyle -0.085 <0.1 standardized_indirect_effect
Social cohesion Consumer oriented lifestyle -0.012 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Traffic resistance Consumer oriented lifestyle 0.002 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Spatial distribution Consumer oriented lifestyle 0.012 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Density Consumer oriented lifestyle -0.095 <0.05 standardized_indirect_effect
Local accessibility to transit Consumer oriented lifestyle 0.1 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Household composition Education oriented lifestyle -0.021 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Financial position Education oriented lifestyle 0.039 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Profile Education oriented lifestyle -0.134 <0.01 standardized_indirect_effect
Physical-oriented Education oriented lifestyle -0.012 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Time management Education oriented lifestyle 0.006 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Pro-environment Education oriented lifestyle 0.067 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Individualist Education oriented lifestyle 0.014 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Economic-political Education oriented lifestyle 0.061 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Comfort Education oriented lifestyle -0.105 <0.05 standardized_indirect_effect
Social cohesion Education oriented lifestyle -0.005 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Traffic resistance Education oriented lifestyle -0.018 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Spatial distribution Education oriented lifestyle -0.031 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Density Education oriented lifestyle -0.043 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Local accessibility to transit Education oriented lifestyle -0.009 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Modern oriented lifestyle Non-working trips by car 0.106 <0.01 standardized_indirect_effect
Traditional oriented lifestyle Non-working trips by car 0.058 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Consumer oriented lifestyle Non-working trips by car 0.102 <0.01 standardized_indirect_effect
Education oriented lifestyle Non-working trips by car 0.015 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Physical-oriented Non-working trips by car 0.067 <0.1 standardized_indirect_effect
Time management Non-working trips by car -0.025 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Pro-environment Non-working trips by car -0.161 <0.01 standardized_indirect_effect
Individualist Non-working trips by car 0.083 <0.1 standardized_indirect_effect
Economic-political Non-working trips by car 0.001 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Comfort Non-working trips by car 0.064 <0.1 standardized_indirect_effect
Social cohesion Non-working trips by car -0.001 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Traffic resistance Non-working trips by car 0.041 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Spatial distribution Non-working trips by car -0.176 <0.01 standardized_indirect_effect
Density Non-working trips by car -0.065 <0.1 standardized_indirect_effect
Local accessibility to transit Non-working trips by car 0.024 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Household composition Non-working trips by car 0.97 <0.1 standardized_indirect_effect
Financial position Non-working trips by car 0.191 <0.01 standardized_indirect_effect
Profile Non-working trips by car -0.017 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Modern oriented lifestyle Non-working trips by public transport 0.009 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Traditional oriented lifestyle Non-working trips by public transport 0.146 <0.01 standardized_indirect_effect
Consumer oriented lifestyle Non-working trips by public transport 0.022 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Education oriented lifestyle Non-working trips by public transport 0.16 <0.01 standardized_indirect_effect
Physical-oriented Non-working trips by public transport 0.049 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Time management Non-working trips by public transport 0.058 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Pro-environment Non-working trips by public transport 0.226 <0.01 standardized_indirect_effect
Individualist Non-working trips by public transport -0.025 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Economic-political Non-working trips by public transport 0.181 <0.01 standardized_indirect_effect
Comfort Non-working trips by public transport -0.071 <0.1 standardized_indirect_effect
Social cohesion Non-working trips by public transport -0.021 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Traffic resistance Non-working trips by public transport 0.028 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Spatial distribution Non-working trips by public transport 0.013 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Density Non-working trips by public transport 0.014 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Local accessibility to transit Non-working trips by public transport 0.0 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Household composition Non-working trips by public transport 0.076 <0.1 standardized_indirect_effect
Financial position Non-working trips by public transport -0.174 <0.01 standardized_indirect_effect
Profile Non-working trips by public transport -0.007 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Modern oriented lifestyle Non-working trips by walking/cycling -0.054 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Traditional oriented lifestyle Non-working trips by walking/cycling 0.205 <0.01 standardized_indirect_effect
Consumer oriented lifestyle Non-working trips by walking/cycling 0.1 <0.01 standardized_indirect_effect
Education oriented lifestyle Non-working trips by walking/cycling 0.045 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Physical-oriented Non-working trips by walking/cycling 0.057 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Time management Non-working trips by walking/cycling 0.029 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Pro-environment Non-working trips by walking/cycling 0.117 <0.01 standardized_indirect_effect
Individualist Non-working trips by walking/cycling -0.037 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Economic-political Non-working trips by walking/cycling 0.16 <0.01 standardized_indirect_effect
Comfort Non-working trips by walking/cycling -0.052 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Social cohesion Non-working trips by walking/cycling 0.067 <0.1 standardized_indirect_effect
Traffic resistance Non-working trips by walking/cycling 0.059 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Spatial distribution Non-working trips by walking/cycling 0.024 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Density Non-working trips by walking/cycling 0.062 <0.1 standardized_indirect_effect
Local accessibility to transit Non-working trips by walking/cycling -0.021 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Household composition Non-working trips by walking/cycling 0.002 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Financial position Non-working trips by walking/cycling 0.003 nan standardized_indirect_effect
Profile Non-working trips by walking/cycling 0.109 <0.05 standardized_indirect_effect

The Attitudes and Travel Database is produced with support from the Center for Teaching Old Models New Tricks at Arizona State University, a University Transportation Center sponsored by the US Department of Transportation through Grant No. 69A3551747116.

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