Perceived Neighborhood Environment and Transit Use in Low-Income Populations

Lee, 2013, in Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board

doi:10.3141/2397-15
Location Los Angeles County, California
Population General
Sample size 3498
Factor analysis type principal components, varimax rotation
Stepwise regression no
Removal of insignificant variables no
Reviewed by LCM

Factors

Variable Loading
No shops or interesting places to go (Res preference/perception) 0.698
No nearby path or trails (Convenience) 0.62
Variable Loading
Too-wide streets (Convenience) 0.675
No one to walk with (Convenience) 0.665
Variable Loading
Fear of street crime (Safety) 0.665
Not enough people (Safety) 0.584
Variable Loading
No sidewalks (Res preference/perception) 0.634
Exposure to air pollution (Environmentalism) 0.588
Fast traffic (Safety) 0.481
Unsafe street crossings (Safety) 0.448

Models

Dependent variable Propensity to use public transportation
Model type Ordinal logit
Sample size 3498.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) 0.076
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero -2265.97
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence -2093.67
Variable Coefficient p-value
Income -0.002 0.129
Vehicles per person -0.87 0.0
Transit accessibility 5.111 0.0
Age 35-64 years Reference nan
Age 18-34 years 0.215 0.054
Age > 65 years -0.744 0.0
Driver license (nondriver=0) Reference nan
Driver license (driver=1) -0.999 0.0
Type 1 (high-density neighborhood) Reference nan
Type 2 (mixed land-use neighborhood) 0.209 0.057
Type 3 (low-density neighborhood) 0.058 0.638
Crime rate -0.02 0.009
Physical safety -0.069 0.107
Personal safety -0.133 0.002
Amenities -0.033 0.447
Isolation -0.069 0.105
Threshold 1 -0.088 nan
Threshold 2 0.742 nan
Dependent variable Propensity to use public transportation
Model type Ordinal logit
Sample size 1499.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) 0.134
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero -1060.75
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence -918.76
Variable Coefficient p-value
Income -0.017 0.0
Vehicles per person -1.443 0.0
Transit accessibility 4.732 0.0
Age 35-64 years Reference nan
Age 18-34 years 0.158 0.327
Age > 65 years -0.691 0.0
Driver license (nondriver=0) Reference nan
Driver license (driver=1) -0.707 0.0
Type 1 (high-density neighborhood) Reference nan
Type 2 (mixed land-use neighborhood) 0.052 0.749
Type 3 (low-density neighborhood) -0.13 0.484
Crime rate -0.025 0.016
Physical safety -0.018 0.779
Personal safety -0.122 0.059
Amenities -0.044 0.509
Isolation -0.201 0.001
Threshold 1 -0.657 nan
Threshold 2 0.047 nan
Dependent variable Propensity to use public transportation
Model type Ordinal logit
Sample size 1999.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) 0.034
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero -1182.11
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence -1142.29
Variable Coefficient p-value
Income 0.003 0.412
Vehicles per person -0.342 0.032
Transit accessibility 4.808 0.0
Age 35-64 years Reference nan
Age 18-34 years 0.254 0.103
Age > 65 years -0.661 0.0
Driver license (nondriver=0) Reference nan
Driver license (driver=1) -1.3 0.0
Type 1 (high-density neighborhood) Reference nan
Type 2 (mixed land-use neighborhood) 0.383 0.016
Type 3 (low-density neighborhood) 0.237 0.174
Crime rate -0.118 0.312
Physical safety -0.09 0.124
Personal safety -0.157 0.006
Amenities -0.018 0.757
Isolation 0.033 0.575
Threshold 1 0.683 nan
Threshold 2 1.673 nan
Dependent variable Propensity to use public transportation
Model type Ordinal logit
Sample size 3498.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) 0.077
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero -2265.97
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence -2090.8
Variable Coefficient p-value
Income -0.002 0.139
Vehicles per person -0.865 0.0
Transit accessibility 5.02 0.0
Age 35-64 years Reference nan
Age 18-34 years 0.211 0.057
Age > 65 years -0.746 0.0
Driver license (nondriver=0) Reference nan
Driver license (driver=1) -1.013 0.0
Type 1 (high-density neighborhood) Reference nan
Type 2 (mixed land-use neighborhood) 0.211 0.056
Type 3 (low-density neighborhood) 0.044 0.726
Crime rate -0.02 0.01
Physical safety*Type 2 -0.029 0.674
Physical safety*Type 3 -0.138 0.093
Personal safety*Type 2 -0.172 0.01
Personal safety*Type 3 -0.18 0.026
Amenities*Type 2 -0.123 0.069
Amenities*Type 3 0.13 0.121
Isolation*Type 2 0.029 0.674
Isolation*Type 3 -0.071 0.39
Threshold 1 -0.098 nan
Threshold 2 0.735 nan
Dependent variable Propensity to use public transportation
Model type Ordinal logit
Sample size 1499.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) 0.136
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero -1060.75
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence -917.03
Variable Coefficient p-value
Income -0.017 0.0
Vehicles per person -1.443 0.0
Transit accessibility 4.549 0.0
Age 35-64 years Reference nan
Age 18-34 years 0.157 0.332
Age > 65 years -0.709 0.0
Driver license (nondriver=0) Reference nan
Driver license (driver=1) -0.72 0.0
Type 1 (high-density neighborhood) Reference nan
Type 2 (mixed land-use neighborhood) 0.069 0.674
Type 3 (low-density neighborhood) -0.126 0.509
Crime rate -0.025 0.016
Physical safety*Type 2 0.034 0.764
Physical safety*Type 3 -0.266 0.063
Personal safety*Type 2 -0.241 0.022
Personal safety*Type 3 -0.077 0.603
Amenities*Type 2 -0.037 0.764
Amenities*Type 3 0.116 0.441
Isolation*Type 2 -0.051 0.646
Isolation*Type 3 -0.342 0.011
Threshold 1 -0.664 nan
Threshold 2 0.043 nan
Dependent variable Propensity to use public transportation
Model type Ordinal logit
Sample size 1999.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) 0.036
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero -1182.11
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence -1139.61
Variable Coefficient p-value
Income 0.004 0.363
Vehicles per person -0.328 0.04
Transit accessibility 4.809 0.0
Age 35-64 years Reference nan
Age 18-34 years 0.237 0.131
Age > 65 years -0.661 0.0
Driver license (nondriver=0) Reference nan
Driver license (driver=1) -1.318 0.0
Type 1 (high-density neighborhood) Reference nan
Type 2 (mixed land-use neighborhood) 0.355 0.026
Type 3 (low-density neighborhood) 0.205 0.242
Crime rate -0.012 0.308
Physical safety*Type 2 -0.066 0.453
Physical safety*Type 3 -0.013 0.897
Personal safety*Type 2 -0.149 0.085
Personal safety*Type 3 -0.233 0.018
Amenities*Type 2 -0.149 0.067
Amenities*Type 3 0.106 0.298
Isolation*Type 2 0.09 0.308
Isolation*Type 3 0.115 0.303
Threshold 1 0.687 nan
Threshold 2 1.679 nan

The Attitudes and Travel Database is produced with support from the Center for Teaching Old Models New Tricks at Arizona State University, a University Transportation Center sponsored by the US Department of Transportation through Grant No. 69A3551747116.

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