Perceptions, People, and Places: Influences on Cycling for Latino Immigrants and Implications for Equity

Jesus Barajas, 2019, in Journal of Planning Education and Research

doi:10.1177/0739456X19864714
Location San Francisco Bay Area
Population General
Sample size 769
Factor analysis type confirmatory factor analysis, unknown rotation
Stepwise regression no
Removal of insignificant variables no
Reviewed by AR

Abstract

The recent growth in cycling in the United States has paralleled a growth in the diversity of cyclists, but what encourages people to bicycle is not the same across all demographic groups. This study uses intercept survey data from predominately Latino-immigrant neighborhoods to understand how social ecological motivations for cycling differ for immigrants and U.S.-born residents. Both perceptions of cycling and social relationships with cyclists are strong predictors of cycling, and more strongly so for immigrants. Planning that supports both social and physical infrastructure may help meet the needs of diverse cyclists and promote equity.

Factors

Variable Pattern loading
"I find it hard to bicycle when I need to travel with others" (Convenience) 0.32
"I would have a hard time getting to places I regularly go if I could not take my bike with me on the train" (Convenience) 0.914
Variable Pattern loading
"How often do you bicycle instead of taking the bus or train to save money?" (Cost) 0.73
"How often do you bicycle instead of taking the bus or train to save time?" (Convenience) 0.759
"How often do you bicycle when you have the option to drive? (Not an attitude) 0.737
Variable Pattern loading
Additional cycling in the previous week if there were "little crime near the places you go" (Safety) 0.741
Additional cycling in the previous week if there were "good bike lanes or paths where you go" (Safety) 0.794
Additional cycling in the previous week if "buses or trains always have space to carry your bike" (Convenience) 0.839
Additional cycling in the previous week if there were "enough parking at the bus or train stops you use" (Convenience) 0.83
Additional transit trips in the previous weeks if "buses or trains always have space to carry your bike" (Convenience) 0.81
Additional transit trips in the previous week if there were "more bike parking spaces at the bus or train stops you use" (Convenience) 0.811
Variable Pattern loading
"I find it hard to bicycle when I need to travel with others" (Convenience) 0.513
"I would have a hard time getting to places I regularly go if I could not take my bike with me on the train" (Convenience) 0.835
Variable Pattern loading
"How often do you bicycle instead of taking the bus or train to save money?" (Cost) 0.725
"How often do you bicycle instead of taking the bus or train to save time?" (Convenience) 0.734
"How often do you bicycle when you have the option to drive? (Not an attitude) 0.688
Variable Pattern loading
Additional cycling in the previous week if there were "little crime near the places you go" (Safety) 0.745
Additional cycling in the previous week if there were "good bike lanes or paths where you go" (Safety) 0.793
Additional cycling in the previous week if "buses or trains always have space to carry your bike" (Convenience) 0.832
Additional cycling in the previous week if there were "enough parking at the bus or train stops you use" (Convenience) 0.818
Additional transit trips in the previous weeks if "buses or trains always have space to carry your bike" (Convenience) 0.821
Additional transit trips in the previous week if there were "more bike parking spaces at the bus or train stops you use" (Convenience) 0.825

Models

Source variable Target variable Effect p-value Effect type
Female Bicycle last week -0.231 0.084 direct_effect
Age Bicycle last week -0.018 0.001 direct_effect
Income(medium) Bicycle last week -0.181 0.231 direct_effect
Income(high) Bicycle last week -0.008 0.971 direct_effect
Income(missing) Bicycle last week -0.121 0.56 direct_effect
Latino Bicycle last week -0.132 0.441 direct_effect
Black Bicycle last week -0.55 0.007 direct_effect
Asian Bicycle last week 0.058 0.864 direct_effect
Other races Bicycle last week -0.483 0.028 direct_effect
Days walked Bicycle last week 0.05 0.06 direct_effect
Days took transit Bicycle last week -0.007 0.797 direct_effect
Cyclists known Bicycle last week -0.438 0.033 direct_effect
Retail Bicycle last week -1.887 0.267 direct_effect
Multifamily residential Bicycle last week -0.241 0.592 direct_effect
Land-use mix Bicycle last week -0.11 0.796 direct_effect
Intersection density Bicycle last week 1.322 0 direct_effect
Bikeway density Bicycle last week -0.006 0.886 direct_effect
Highway density Bicycle last week -0.42 0.502 direct_effect
Bicycling complexity (US born) Bicycle last week -0.05 0.903 direct_effect
Bicycling environment (US born) Bicycle last week -0.85 0.65 direct_effect
Bicycling convenience (US born) Bicycle last week 0.176 0.441 direct_effect
Immigrant enclave Cyclist known -0.307 0.112 direct_effect
Roommates Cyclist known 0.206 0.302 direct_effect
Employed Cyclist known -0.068 0.746 direct_effect
Bicycle last week Cyclist known 0.939 0 direct_effect
Car access Days took transit -0.734 0 direct_effect
Bus pass Days took transit 0.958 0 direct_effect
Rail access Days took transit 0.47 0.286 direct_effect
Bus stop density Days took transit 0.058 0.035 direct_effect
Retail Bicycling environment (US born) -0.013 0.99 direct_effect
Multifamily residential Bicycling environment (US born) -0.029 0.933 direct_effect
Land-use mix Bicycling environment (US born) 0.287 0.317 direct_effect
Intersection density Bicycling environment (US born) -0.176 0.426 direct_effect
Bikeway density Bicycling environment (US born) -0.039 0.146 direct_effect
Highway density Bicycling environment (US born) -0.128 0.8 direct_effect
Bike crashes Bicycling environment (US born) -0.011 0.337 direct_effect
Bicycle last week Bicycling environment (US born) 0.601 0 direct_effect
Bicycle last week Bicycling convenience (US born) 0.912 0 direct_effect
Bicycle last week Bicycling complexity (US born) 0.179 0.007 direct_effect
Source variable Target variable Effect p-value Effect type
Female Bicycle last week -0.415 0.067 direct_effect
Age Bicycle last week -0.01 0.187 direct_effect
Income(medium) Bicycle last week 0.356 0.128 direct_effect
Income(high) Bicycle last week 0.276 0.486 direct_effect
Income(missing) Bicycle last week -0.019 0.936 direct_effect
Latino Bicycle last week 0.816 0.224 direct_effect
Black Bicycle last week 1.03 0.449 direct_effect
Asian Bicycle last week 0.792 0.25 direct_effect
Other races Bicycle last week 0.614 0.396 direct_effect
Days walked Bicycle last week -0.076 0.044 direct_effect
Days took transit Bicycle last week -0.035 0.273 direct_effect
Cyclists known Bicycle last week 0.845 0.004 direct_effect
Retail Bicycle last week -0.648 0.773 direct_effect
Multifamily residential Bicycle last week -0.775 0.324 direct_effect
Land-use mix Bicycle last week -0.343 0.62 direct_effect
Intersection density Bicycle last week 0.912 0.078 direct_effect
Bikeway density Bicycle last week -0.095 0.144 direct_effect
Highway density Bicycle last week -0.434 0.747 direct_effect
Bicycling complexity (Immigrants) Bicycle last week -0.125 0.669 direct_effect
Bicycling environment (Immigrants) Bicycle last week -0.308 0.047 direct_effect
Bicycling convenience (Immigrants) Bicycle last week -0.269 0.084 direct_effect
Immigrant enclave Cyclist known 0.002 0.99 direct_effect
Roommates Cyclist known 0.404 0.027 direct_effect
Employed Cyclist known 0.67 0 direct_effect
Bicycle last week Cyclist known -0.184 0.276 direct_effect
Car access Days took transit -1.519 0 direct_effect
Bus pass Days took transit 1.565 0 direct_effect
Rail access Days took transit 1.386 0.024 direct_effect
Bus stop density Days took transit 0.08 0.041 direct_effect
Retail Bicycling environment (Immigrants) -1.237 0.296 direct_effect
Multifamily residential Bicycling environment (Immigrants) -0.223 0.636 direct_effect
Land-use mix Bicycling environment (Immigrants) 0.025 0.955 direct_effect
Intersection density Bicycling environment (Immigrants) -0.338 0.272 direct_effect
Bikeway density Bicycling environment (Immigrants) 0.041 0.258 direct_effect
Highway density Bicycling environment (Immigrants) -0.933 0.308 direct_effect
Bike crashes Bicycling environment (Immigrants) 0.009 0.478 direct_effect
Bicycle last week Bicycling environment (Immigrants) 0.679 0 direct_effect
Bicycle last week Bicycling convenience (Immigrants) 1.21 0 direct_effect
Bicycle last week Bicycling complexity (Immigrants) 0.302 0.001 direct_effect

The Attitudes and Travel Database is produced with support from the Center for Teaching Old Models New Tricks at Arizona State University, a University Transportation Center sponsored by the US Department of Transportation through Grant No. 69A3551747116.

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