Residential dissonance and mode choice

Md. Kamruzzaman, Douglas Baker, Simon Washington , Gavin Turrell, 2013, in Journal of Transport Geography

doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.09.004
Location Brisbane, Australia
Population Seniors
Sample size 3957
Factor analysis type principal components, oblimin rotation
Stepwise regression no
Removal of insignificant variables no
Reviewed by AR

Factors

Variable Pattern loading
Public transport is inconvenient and unreliable (Convenience) -0.038
Using public transport takes too much time (Convenience) -0.007
Travelling by public transport is not very pleasant (Mode-liking) 0.072
Public transport can sometimes be difficult than driving (Convenience) 0.038
Public transport is expensive (Cost) -0.004
People need to walk and cycle more to improve the environment (Environmentalism) 0.025
People need to walk and cycle more to reduce global warming (Environmentalism) -0.022
People need to walk and cycle more to reduce traffic congestion (Transport policy) 0.048
People need to use public transport more often to reduce congestion (Transport policy) -0.057
Driving a car is expensive (Cost) -0.055
I need a car to do many of the things that I do (Convenience) -0.026
I could not manage pretty well without a car (Convenience) -0.003
Travelling by car is safer overall than riding a bike (Safety) 0.202
Travelling by car is safer overall than walking (Safety) 0.734
Travelling by car is safer overall than taking public transport (Safety) 0.643
Variable Pattern loading
Public transport is inconvenient and unreliable (Convenience) 0.867
Using public transport takes too much time (Convenience) 0.687
Travelling by public transport is not very pleasant (Mode-liking) 0.695
Public transport can sometimes be difficult than driving (Convenience) 0.553
Public transport is expensive (Cost) 0.457
People need to walk and cycle more to improve the environment (Environmentalism) 0.035
People need to walk and cycle more to reduce global warming (Environmentalism) 0.011
People need to walk and cycle more to reduce traffic congestion (Transport policy) 0.009
People need to use public transport more often to reduce congestion (Transport policy) -0.137
Driving a car is expensive (Cost) 0.013
I need a car to do many of the things that I do (Convenience) -0.017
I could not manage pretty well without a car (Convenience) 0.047
Travelling by car is safer overall than riding a bike (Safety) 0.065
Travelling by car is safer overall than walking (Safety) -0.082
Travelling by car is safer overall than taking public transport (Safety) 0.27
Variable Pattern loading
Public transport is inconvenient and unreliable (Convenience) 0.019
Using public transport takes too much time (Convenience) 0.218
Travelling by public transport is not very pleasant (Mode-liking) -0.021
Public transport can sometimes be difficult than driving (Convenience) 0.035
Public transport is expensive (Cost) -0.052
People need to walk and cycle more to improve the environment (Environmentalism) -0.091
People need to walk and cycle more to reduce global warming (Environmentalism) -0.027
People need to walk and cycle more to reduce traffic congestion (Transport policy) -0.104
People need to use public transport more often to reduce congestion (Transport policy) 0.079
Driving a car is expensive (Cost) 0.043
I need a car to do many of the things that I do (Convenience) 0.928
I could not manage pretty well without a car (Convenience) 0.655
Travelling by car is safer overall than riding a bike (Safety) 0.269
Travelling by car is safer overall than walking (Safety) 0.022
Travelling by car is safer overall than taking public transport (Safety) -0.036
Variable Pattern loading
Public transport is inconvenient and unreliable (Convenience) 0.032
Using public transport takes too much time (Convenience) 0.046
Travelling by public transport is not very pleasant (Mode-liking) -0.014
Public transport can sometimes be difficult than driving (Convenience) -0.169
Public transport is expensive (Cost) 0.015
People need to walk and cycle more to improve the environment (Environmentalism) 0.933
People need to walk and cycle more to reduce global warming (Environmentalism) 0.827
People need to walk and cycle more to reduce traffic congestion (Transport policy) 0.809
People need to use public transport more often to reduce congestion (Transport policy) 0.631
Driving a car is expensive (Cost) 0.411
I need a car to do many of the things that I do (Convenience) 0.005
I could not manage pretty well without a car (Convenience) -0.122
Travelling by car is safer overall than riding a bike (Safety) 0.135
Travelling by car is safer overall than walking (Safety) -0.008
Travelling by car is safer overall than taking public transport (Safety) -0.025
Variable Pattern loading
Public transport is inconvenient and unreliable (Convenience) -0.063
Using public transport takes too much time (Convenience) -0.037
Travelling by public transport is not very pleasant (Mode-liking) 0.141
Public transport can sometimes be difficult than driving (Convenience) 0.058
Public transport is expensive (Cost) -0.005
People need to walk and cycle more to improve the environment (Environmentalism) 0.035
People need to walk and cycle more to reduce global warming (Environmentalism) -0.008
People need to walk and cycle more to reduce traffic congestion (Transport policy) 0.32
People need to use public transport more often to reduce congestion (Transport policy) -0.054
Driving a car is expensive (Cost) -0.051
I need a car to do many of the things that I do (Convenience) -0.026
I could not manage pretty well without a car (Convenience) 0.008
Travelling by car is safer overall than riding a bike (Safety) 0.193
Travelling by car is safer overall than walking (Safety) 0.789
Travelling by car is safer overall than taking public transport (Safety) 0.616
Variable Pattern loading
Public transport is inconvenient and unreliable (Convenience) 0.837
Using public transport takes too much time (Convenience) 0.749
Travelling by public transport is not very pleasant (Mode-liking) 0.719
Public transport can sometimes be difficult than driving (Convenience) 0.504
Public transport is expensive (Cost) 0.397
People need to walk and cycle more to improve the environment (Environmentalism) 0.016
People need to walk and cycle more to reduce global warming (Environmentalism) -0.002
People need to walk and cycle more to reduce traffic congestion (Transport policy) 0.019
People need to use public transport more often to reduce congestion (Transport policy) -0.152
Driving a car is expensive (Cost) 0.036
I need a car to do many of the things that I do (Convenience) -0.007
I could not manage pretty well without a car (Convenience) 0.035
Travelling by car is safer overall than riding a bike (Safety) 0.076
Travelling by car is safer overall than walking (Safety) -0.08
Travelling by car is safer overall than taking public transport (Safety) 0.249
Variable Pattern loading
Public transport is inconvenient and unreliable (Convenience) 0.006
Using public transport takes too much time (Convenience) 0.141
Travelling by public transport is not very pleasant (Mode-liking) -0.082
Public transport can sometimes be difficult than driving (Convenience) -0.002
Public transport is expensive (Cost) 0.002
People need to walk and cycle more to improve the environment (Environmentalism) -0.112
People need to walk and cycle more to reduce global warming (Environmentalism) -0.068
People need to walk and cycle more to reduce traffic congestion (Transport policy) -0.151
People need to use public transport more often to reduce congestion (Transport policy) 0.089
Driving a car is expensive (Cost) 0.089
I need a car to do many of the things that I do (Convenience) 0.956
I could not manage pretty well without a car (Convenience) 0.619
Travelling by car is safer overall than riding a bike (Safety) 0.293
Travelling by car is safer overall than walking (Safety) 0.016
Travelling by car is safer overall than taking public transport (Safety) 0.025
Variable Pattern loading
Public transport is inconvenient and unreliable (Convenience) 0.014
Using public transport takes too much time (Convenience) 0.037
Travelling by public transport is not very pleasant (Mode-liking) -0.047
Public transport can sometimes be difficult than driving (Convenience) -0.189
Public transport is expensive (Cost) 0.046
People need to walk and cycle more to improve the environment (Environmentalism) 0.931
People need to walk and cycle more to reduce global warming (Environmentalism) 0.831
People need to walk and cycle more to reduce traffic congestion (Transport policy) 0.811
People need to use public transport more often to reduce congestion (Transport policy) 0.635
Driving a car is expensive (Cost) 0.391
I need a car to do many of the things that I do (Convenience) 0.011
I could not manage pretty well without a car (Convenience) -0.147
Travelling by car is safer overall than riding a bike (Safety) 0.134
Travelling by car is safer overall than walking (Safety) -0.042
Travelling by car is safer overall than taking public transport (Safety) -0.055

Models

Dependent variable Mode shift
Model type multinomial logit
Sample size 507.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (Nagelkerke) 0.14
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Changed to AT
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Level of dissonance (Negative-PT for TOD areas) 0.61 0.199
Intersection density 0.05 0.008
Age 1.02 0.972
Car availability: sometimes (ref: always) 5.41 0.021
Household size 0.6 0.064
Change in the level of dissonance (Negative-PT for TOD areas) 0.28 0.008
Change in household size 0.55 0.24
Car availability decreased 4.8 0.034
Changed to PT
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Level of dissonance (Negative-PT for TOD areas) 0.51 0.045
Intersection density 0.11 0.071
Age 0.93 0.016
Car availability: sometimes (ref: always) 2.59 0.188
Household size 0.64 0.032
Change in the level of dissonance (Negative-PT for TOD areas) 0.56 0.158
Change in household size 0.4 0.005
Car availability decreased 0.99 0.993
Changed to car
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Level of dissonance (Negative-PT for TOD areas) 0.59 0.06
Intersection density 0.2 0.101
Age 1.0 1.0
Car availability: sometimes (ref: always) 2.24 0.0
Household size 0.75 0.09
Change in the level of dissonance (Negative-PT for TOD areas) 1.05 0.885
Change in household size 0.86 0.648
Car availability decreased 0.68 0.722
Dependent variable Mode shift
Model type multinomial logit
Sample size 3430.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (Nagelkerke) 0.17
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Changed to AT
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Level of consonance (Negative-PT for Non-TOD areas) 0.95 0.822
Net residential density 1.13 0.006
Female (ref: male) 0.46 0.021
Car availability: sometimes (ref: always) 2.06 0.284
Car availability: do not drive (ref: always) 6.57 0.006
Health status 1.43 0.052
Part time * travel time < 15min (ref: non-working) 1.21 0.768
Part time * travel time 15-30min (ref: non-working) 0.31 0.27
Part time * travel time 30-60min (ref: non-working) 0.71 0.748
Full time * travel time < 15min (ref: non-working) 1.52 0.419
Full time * travel time 15-30min (ref: non-working) 1.05 0.923
Full time * travel time 30-60min (ref: non-working) 1.46 0.455
Changes in the level of consonance (Negative-PT for non-TOD areas) 1.36 0.263
Changes in household size 0.84 0.384
Car Availability increase 1.79 0.439
Car availability decrease 2.51 0.14
Working time increased, travel time unchanged 0.71 0.745
Working time decreased, travel time unchanged 2.56 0.025
Changed to PT
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Level of consonance (Negative-PT for Non-TOD areas) 0.59 0.001
Net residential density 1.06 0.084
Female (ref: male) 1.41 0.123
Car availability: sometimes (ref: always) 2.72 0.007
Car availability: do not drive (ref: always) 5.07 0.001
Health status 0.89 0.316
Part time * travel time < 15min (ref: non-working) 0.14 0.049
Part time * travel time 15-30min (ref: non-working) 1.05 0.908
Part time * travel time 30-60min (ref: non-working) 1.49 0.4
Full time * travel time < 15min (ref: non-working) 1.49 0.329
Full time * travel time 15-30min (ref: non-working) 2.69 0.001
Full time * travel time 30-60min (ref: non-working) 2.26 0.015
Changes in the level of consonance (Negative-PT for non-TOD areas) 0.51 0.0
Changes in household size 0.74 0.026
Car Availability increase 0.26 0.077
Car availability decrease 7.43 0.0
Working time increased, travel time unchanged 4.48 0.0
Working time decreased, travel time unchanged 0.71 0.406
Changed to car
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Level of consonance (Negative-PT for Non-TOD areas) 0.69 0.0
Net residential density 1.03 0.0
Female (ref: male) 1.02 0.908
Car availability: sometimes (ref: always) 3.17 0.0
Car availability: do not drive (ref: always) 1.7 0.302
Health status 1.01 0.917
Part time * travel time < 15min (ref: non-working) 0.51 0.114
Part time * travel time 15-30min (ref: non-working) 0.33 0.03
Part time * travel time 30-60min (ref: non-working) 2.97 0.001
Full time * travel time < 15min (ref: non-working) 0.45 0.045
Full time * travel time 15-30min (ref: non-working) 1.17 0.565
Full time * travel time 30-60min (ref: non-working) 2.99 0.0
Changes in the level of consonance (Negative-PT for non-TOD areas) 1.29 0.078
Changes in household size 1.06 0.58
Car Availability increase 2.31 0.027
Car availability decrease 1.6 0.211
Working time increased, travel time unchanged 0.67 0.459
Working time decreased, travel time unchanged 4.48 0.0
Dependent variable Mode choice
Model type multinomial logit
Sample size 506.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (Nagelkerke) 0.38
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
AT
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Level of dissonance (Negative-PT for TOD areas) 0.58 0.011
Public transport accessibility level (PTAL) 1.43 0.001
Car availability: sometimes (ref: always) 18.83 0.0
Car availability: do not drive (ref: always) 94.32 0.0
Diploma (ref: upto year 12) 1.58 0.302
Graduate (ref: upto year 12) 2.49 0.019
Household size 0.8 0.055
Part time * travel time 15-30 min (ref: non-working) 0.4 0.171
Part time * travel time 30-60 min (ref: non-working) 0.33 0.2
Full time * travel time 15-30 min (ref: non-working) 0.46 0.039
Full time * travel time 30-60 min (ref: non-working) 0.39 0.141
Single living with relatives (ref: single living alone) 0.38 0.307
PT
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Level of dissonance (Negative-PT for TOD areas) 0.34 0.0
Public transport accessibility level (PTAL) 0.96 0.631
Car availability: sometimes (ref: always) 4.97 0.004
Car availability: do not drive (ref: always) 40.96 0.001
Diploma (ref: upto year 12) 0.44 0.04
Graduate (ref: upto year 12) 0.68 0.239
Household size 0.71 0.005
Part time * travel time 15-30 min (ref: non-working) 3.23 0.019
Part time * travel time 30-60 min (ref: non-working) 8.67 0.0
Full time * travel time 15-30 min (ref: non-working) 3.71 0.0
Full time * travel time 30-60 min (ref: non-working) 4.8 0.001
Single living with relatives (ref: single living alone) 3.02 0.051
Dependent variable Mode choice
Model type multinomial logit
Sample size 3427.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (Nagerkerke) 0.33
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
AT
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Level of consonance (Negative-PT for non-TOD areas) 0.67 0.002
Intersection density 0.28 0.019
Cul de sac density 0.17 0.05
Net residential density 1.08 0.012
Female (ref: male) 0.53 0.003
Age 0.96 0.01
Car availability: sometimes (ref: always) 7.6 0.0
Car availability: do not drive (ref: always) 38.48 0.0
Health status 1.32 0.013
Part time * travel time < 15 min (ref: non-working) 0.9 0.759
Part time * travel time 15-30 min (ref: non-working) 0.12 0.007
Part time * travel time 30-60 min (ref: non-working) 0.19 0.09
Part time * travel time > 60 min (ref: non-working) 2.6 0.262
Full time * travel time <15 min (ref: non-working) 0.5 0.05
Full time * travel time 15-30 min (ref: non-working) 0.82 0.467
Full time * travel time 30-60 min (ref: non-working) 1.08 0.81
PT
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Level of consonance (Negative-PT for non-TOD areas) 0.4 0.0
Intersection density 0.92 0.813
Cul de sac density 0.31 0.04
Net residential density 1.02 0.382
Female (ref: male) 1.41 0.011
Age 0.98 0.009
Car availability: sometimes (ref: always) 7.07 0.0
Car availability: do not drive (ref: always) 21.77 0.0
Health status 0.87 0.055
Part time * travel time < 15 min (ref: non-working) 0.17 0.001
Part time * travel time 15-30 min (ref: non-working) 0.77 0.398
Part time * travel time 30-60 min (ref: non-working) 6.31 0.0
Part time * travel time > 60 min (ref: non-working) 8.64 0.0
Full time * travel time <15 min (ref: non-working) 0.22 0.001
Full time * travel time 15-30 min (ref: non-working) 2.02 0.001
Full time * travel time 30-60 min (ref: non-working) 11.95 0.0

The Attitudes and Travel Database is produced with support from the Center for Teaching Old Models New Tricks at Arizona State University, a University Transportation Center sponsored by the US Department of Transportation through Grant No. 69A3551747116.

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