Social inequalities in travel behaviour: Trip distances in the context of residential self-selection and lifestyles

Scheiner, J., 2010, in Journal of Transport Geography

doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2009.09.002
Location Cologne, Germany
Population General
Sample size 2000 (approx.)
Factor analysis type confirmatory factor analysis, none rotation
Stepwise regression no
Removal of insignificant variables no
Reviewed by LCM

Abstract

In recent years, the framework of 'classical' objective determinants of travel behaviour - such as transport systems, generalised travel costs, life situation and the built environment - has begun to make way for the introduction of subjective elements including attitudes, lifestyles, and location preferences. This paper presents findings from an empirical study of trip distances travelled for three purposes (work, maintenance, leisure). The study was conducted in the region of Cologne, and the analysis is based on structural equation modelling. The results indicate that, in general, neither lifestyles nor location preferences have a strong impact on trip distances, except for leisure activities: here lifestyle has the strongest impact of all variables studied. Maintenance trip distances are significantly affected by the spatial setting in which people live, indicating the relevance of the built environment for this travel segment. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd.

Factors

Variable Pattern loading
Household size (Not an attitude) 0.92
Number of children < 16 years (Not an attitude) 0.79
Age (Not an attitude) 0.09
Per capita income (Not an attitude) -0.58
Variable Pattern loading
Achieve a leading job position (Lifestyle) 0.69
Societal engagement (Lifestyle) 0.31
Variable Pattern loading
Age (Not an attitude) 0.33
Per capita income (Not an attitude) 0.67
Employment (Not an attitude) 0.34
Education level (Not an attitude) 0.29
Variable Pattern loading
Play with children (Lifestyle) 0.85
Engage with family (Lifestyle) 0.54
Variable Pattern loading
Household size (Not an attitude) 0.93
Number of children < 16 years (Not an attitude) 0.95
Age (Not an attitude) -0.48
Per capita income (Not an attitude) -0.65
Variable Pattern loading
Importance of shops (Res preference/perception) 0.63
Importance of services (Res preference/perception) 0.66
Variable Pattern loading
Age (Not an attitude) -0.6
Per capita income (Not an attitude) 0.3
Employment (Not an attitude) 0.7
Education level (Not an attitude) 0.32
Variable Pattern loading
Household size (Not an attitude) 0.93
Number of children < 16 years (Not an attitude) 0.95
Age (Not an attitude) -0.48
Per capita income (Not an attitude) -0.64
Variable Pattern loading
Cinema, theatre, concert (Lifestyle) 0.55
Training, education (Res preference/perception) 0.28
Variable Pattern loading
Age (Not an attitude) -0.4
Per capita income (Not an attitude) 0.26
Employment (Not an attitude) 0.44
Education level (Not an attitude) 0.32

Models

Source variable Target variable Effect p-value Effect type
Family (work) Car availability 0.19 <0.05 direct_effect
Family (work) Job trip distance (log) 0.09 <0.05 direct_effect
Family (work) Jobs supply quality -0.19 <0.05 direct_effect
Family (work) Importance of access to workplace -0.11 <0.05 direct_effect
Family (work) Self-realization (work) 0.09 nan direct_effect
Social status (work) Car availability 0.29 <0.05 direct_effect
Social status (work) Job trip distance (log) 0.24 <0.05 direct_effect
Social status (work) Jobs supply quality 0.01 nan direct_effect
Social status (work) Importance of access to workplace -0.04 nan direct_effect
Social status (work) Self-realization (work) 0.32 <0.05 direct_effect
Self-realization (work) Car availability 0.05 nan direct_effect
Self-realization (work) Job trip distance (log) -0.09 nan direct_effect
Self-realization (work) Importance of access to workplace -0.1 nan direct_effect
Self-realization (work) Jobs supply quality 0.01 nan direct_effect
Gender Self-realization (work) -0.26 <0.05 direct_effect
Gender Importance of access to workplace -0.02 nan direct_effect
Gender Car availability 0.0 nan direct_effect
Gender Job trip distance (log) -0.12 <0.05 direct_effect
Car availability Importance of access to workplace -0.13 <0.05 direct_effect
Car availability Jobs supply quality -0.28 <0.05 direct_effect
Car availability Job trip distance (log) 0.04 nan direct_effect
Importance of access to workplace Job trip distance (log) -0.07 nan direct_effect
Importance of access to workplace Jobs supply quality 0.03 nan direct_effect
Job supply quantity Job trip distance (log) -0.03 nan direct_effect
Source variable Target variable Effect p-value Effect type
Family (maintenance) Car availability -0.14 <0.05 direct_effect
Family (maintenance) Maintenance trip distance (log) 0.05 nan direct_effect
Family (maintenance) Shopping supply quality -0.2 <0.05 direct_effect
Family (maintenance) Familial leisure (maintenance) 0.69 <0.05 direct_effect
Social status (maintenance) Car availability 0.3 <0.05 direct_effect
Social status (maintenance) Maintenance trip distance (log) 0.37 <0.05 direct_effect
Social status (maintenance) Shopping supply quality 0.44 <0.05 direct_effect
Social status (maintenance) Importance of proximity to shopping (maintenance) -0.5 <0.05 direct_effect
Social status (maintenance) Familial leisure (maintenance) -0.18 <0.05 direct_effect
Familial leisure (maintenance) Car availability 0.31 <0.05 direct_effect
Familial leisure (maintenance) Maintenance trip distance (log) 0.08 nan direct_effect
Familial leisure (maintenance) Importance of proximity to shopping (maintenance) -0.35 <0.05 direct_effect
Familial leisure (maintenance) Shopping supply quality 0.19 <0.05 direct_effect
Gender Familial leisure (maintenance) 0.09 <0.05 direct_effect
Gender Importance of proximity to shopping (maintenance) 0.09 <0.05 direct_effect
Gender Car availability -0.05 nan direct_effect
Gender Maintenance trip distance (log) -0.05 <0.05 direct_effect
Car availability Importance of proximity to shopping (maintenance) -0.1 <0.05 direct_effect
Car availability Shopping supply quality -0.16 <0.05 direct_effect
Car availability Maintenance trip distance (log) 0.13 <0.05 direct_effect
Importance of proximity to shopping (maintenance) Shopping supply quality 0.37 <0.05 direct_effect
Importance of proximity to shopping (maintenance) Maintenance trip distance (log) 0.18 <0.05 direct_effect
Shopping supply quality Maintenance trip distance (log) -0.42 <0.05 direct_effect
Source variable Target variable Effect p-value Effect type
Family (leisure) Car availability 0.1 nan direct_effect
Family (leisure) Leisure trip distance (log) 0.2 <0.05 direct_effect
Family (leisure) Leisure supply quality 0.07 nan direct_effect
Family (leisure) Importance of leisure -0.07 nan direct_effect
Family (leisure) Out-of-home leisure (leisure) -0.3 <0.05 direct_effect
Social status (leisure) Car availability 0.11 nan direct_effect
Social status (leisure) Leisure trip distance (log) -0.47 <0.05 direct_effect
Social status (leisure) Leisure supply quality -0.31 nan direct_effect
Social status (leisure) Importance of leisure -0.16 nan direct_effect
Social status (leisure) Out-of-home leisure (leisure) 1.04 <0.05 direct_effect
Out-of-home leisure (leisure) Car availability 0.15 nan direct_effect
Out-of-home leisure (leisure) Leisure trip distance (log) 0.76 <0.05 direct_effect
Out-of-home leisure (leisure) Importance of leisure 0.22 nan direct_effect
Out-of-home leisure (leisure) Leisure supply quality 0.65 <0.05 direct_effect
Gender Out-of-home leisure (leisure) 0.09 <0.05 direct_effect
Gender Importance of leisure -0.04 nan direct_effect
Gender Car availability -0.02 nan direct_effect
Gender Leisure trip distance (log) -0.06 nan direct_effect
Car availability Importance of leisure -0.09 <0.05 direct_effect
Car availability Leisure supply quality -0.22 <0.05 direct_effect
Car availability Leisure trip distance (log) 0.21 <0.05 direct_effect
Importance of leisure Leisure trip distance (log) -0.01 nan direct_effect
Importance of leisure Leisure supply quality 0.02 nan direct_effect
Leisure supply quality Leisure trip distance (log) -0.03 nan direct_effect

The Attitudes and Travel Database is produced with support from the Center for Teaching Old Models New Tricks at Arizona State University, a University Transportation Center sponsored by the US Department of Transportation through Grant No. 69A3551747116.

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