Spatial self-selection in land-use–travel behavior interactions: Accounting simultaneously for attitudes and socioeconomic characteristics

João de Abreu e Silva, 2014, in Journal of Transport and Land Use

doi:10.5198/jtlu.v7i2.696
Location Lisbon Metropolitan Area (LMA), Portugal
Population Other (specify)
Sample size 790
Factor analysis type principal components, varimax rotation
Stepwise regression nan
Removal of insignificant variables nan
Reviewed by AR

Abstract

Spatial self-selection can be ascribed to two main factors: socioeconomic characteristics or attitudinal aspects towards travel and location choices. Several studies have investigated the influence of self-selection on the relations between travel behavior and land-use patterns. So far the results could be considered mixed. The model proposed herein uses data collected in 2009 for the Lisbon Metropolitan Area. A structural equations model was built to study the effects of spatial self-selection due to both socioeconomic and attitudinal effects. Three model specifications were considered: one treating attitudes toward travel as exogenous and two others considering them as endogenous. The preferred specification considered attitudes as exogenous. The land-use patterns are described by factors both at the residence and employment zones of each individual. The travel behavior variables included here are multidimensional and include commuting distance, car ownership, the number of trips by mode, and the total amount of time between the first and last trips. On account of the data characteristics and sample size, Bayesian estimation, as implemented in AMOSTM software, was used. The results obtained show that although the attitudinal variables significantly influence travel behavior, they do not annul the effects of land-use patterns in also contributing to shape the same behavior. © 2014 João de Abreu e Silva.

Factors

Variable Pattern loading
% of people 400 m from bus stops (residence) (Not an attitude) 0.702
% of people 400 m from bus stops (work) (Not an attitude) 0.757
Variable Pattern loading
Distance to CBD (residence) (Not an attitude) -0.794
Density (residence) (Not an attitude) 0.816
% people 400 m from heavy transit stations(residence) (Not an attitude) 0.748
% of urbanized land (residence) (Not an attitude) 0.809
Compacity index (residence) (Not an attitude) -0.749
Accessibility transit/Accessibility car (residence) (Not an attitude) 0.53
Capitation of roads (residence) (Not an attitude) -0.787
Variable Pattern loading
Mix (residence) (Res preference/perception) 0.935
Entropy index (residence) (Not an attitude) 0.92
Variable Pattern loading
% of people 1000 m from freeway node (residence) (Not an attitude) -0.494
Accessibility transit/Accessibility car (residence) (Not an attitude) 0.717
Accessibility nonmotorized/Accessibility car (residence) (Not an attitude) 0.788
Variable Pattern loading
Density (work) (Not an attitude) 0.561
% people 400 m from heavy transit stations(work) (Not an attitude) 0.581
% people 1000 m from freeway node (work) (Not an attitude) -0.604
Mix (work) (Not an attitude) 0.828
Entropy index (work) (Not an attitude) 0.795
Variable Pattern loading
Distance to CBD (work) (Not an attitude) 0.545
% of people 1000 m from freeway node (work) (Not an attitude) -0.589
Accessibility nonmotorized/Accessibility car (work) (Not an attitude) 0.877
Variable Pattern loading
Distance to CBD (work) (Not an attitude) -0.7
Density (work) (Not an attitude) 0.717
% people 400 m from heavy transit stations(work) (Not an attitude) 0.622
% of urbanized land (work) (Not an attitude) 0.875
Compacity index (work) (Not an attitude) -0.812
Accessibility transit/Accessibility car (work) (Not an attitude) 0.596
Capitation of roads (work) (Not an attitude) -0.82
Variable Pattern loading
I can count on the car to get me to my destination on time (Convenience) 0.782
the car offers me the flexibility I need for my schedule (Convenience) 0.763
The car gets me to my destination quickly (Convenience) 0.81
The car is comfortable (Comfort) 0.52
The car provides privacy and a sense of liberty (Comfort) 0.566
Variable Pattern loading
Using cars is bad for the environment (Environmentalism) 0.677
I can get other thing done while traveling with public transport (Convenience) 0.555
Using public transport is environment friendly (Environmentalism) 0.728
Variable Pattern loading
Difficulty in getting a parking spot near the destination is the main problem off using the car (Convenience) 0.82
High parking cost is a major problem of using the car (Cost) 0.815
Variable Pattern loading
Parking illegally is a major offense (Transport policy) 0.806
People should pay more for using the car in congested areas (Transport policy) 0.621
Variable Pattern loading
Public transport is comfortable (Comfort) -0.551
Public transport is very crowded (Comfort) 0.735
The vehicles are not very clean (Convenience) 0.746
Variable Pattern loading
The overall public transport service is good (Convenience) 0.729
I can count on public transport to get anywhere on time (Convenience) 0.796
Public transport offers me the flexibility I need for my schedule (Convenience) 0.801
Public transport gets me to work quickly (Convenience) 0.772
Public transport is conveniently located to most of my destinations (Convenience) 0.738

Models

Source variable Target variable Effect p-value Effect type
Public transport enthusiast #Trips car -0.151 0.0 direct_effect
Public transport enthusiast #Trips transit 0.333 0.0 direct_effect
Public transport enthusiast Car ownership -0.1 0.001 direct_effect
Public transport enthusiast Log Commuting distance -0.095 0.005 direct_effect
Public transport enthusiast Living in transit and nonmotorized accessible areas 0.096 0.01 direct_effect
Car enthusiast #Trips transit -0.403 0.0 direct_effect
Car enthusiast Living in central, dense and traditional areas -0.149 0.0 direct_effect
Car enthusiast Working in transit accessible central and dense areas -0.209 0.0 direct_effect
Car enthusiast Working in mixed and dense areas -0.122 0.001 direct_effect
Car enthusiast Living in transit and nonmotorized accessible areas -0.076 0.035 direct_effect
Public transport critic Working in outer zones not well served by freeways -0.087 0.019 direct_effect
Environmentally aware Car ownership 0.065 0.031 direct_effect
Environmentally aware Log Commuting distance 0.108 0.002 direct_effect
Environmentally aware Living in transit and nonmotorized accessible areas 0.135 0.0 direct_effect
Environmentally aware Working in outer zones not well served by freeways -0.136 0.001 direct_effect
Parking awareness #Trips car -0.091 0.0 direct_effect
Parking awareness Log Commuting distance -0.077 0.016 direct_effect
Parking awareness Working in transit accessible central and dense areas 0.103 0.006 direct_effect
Parking awareness Working in outer zones not well served by freeways 0.077 0.038 direct_effect
Age #Trips transit -0.111 0.001 direct_effect
Age #Trips non-motorized -0.103 0.006 direct_effect
Age Log Commuting distance -0.092 0.007 direct_effect
Gender (1 if man) Time spent between the first and last trip 0.085 0.008 direct_effect
Gender (1 if man) Working in transit accessible central and dense areas 0.08 0.027 direct_effect
Gender (1 if man) Living in transit and nonmotorized accessible areas 0.091 0.014 direct_effect
Household average age Car ownership 0.225 0.0 direct_effect
Household adults average age Log Commuting distance -0.08 0.019 direct_effect
Household adults average age Working in transit accessible central and dense areas 0.074 0.052 direct_effect
Household size Car ownership 0.211 0.0 direct_effect
Income Car ownership 0.164 0.0 direct_effect
Income Working in mixed and dense areas 0.086 0.02 direct_effect
Income Living in mixed areas 0.139 0.0 direct_effect
Income Living in transit and nonmotorized accessible areas -0.105 0.004 direct_effect
Household with 1 member #Trips non-motorized 0.098 0.015 direct_effect
Household with 1 member Car ownership -0.264 0.0 direct_effect
Household with 1 member Living in transit and nonmotorized accessible areas -0.107 0.003 direct_effect
Household with 2 members #Trips car 0.056 0.038 direct_effect
Household with 2 members Car ownership -0.264 0.0 direct_effect
Household with 2 members Bus supply -0.067 0.063 direct_effect
Fixed working schedule Time spent between the first and last trip 0.116 0.001 direct_effect
Fixed working schedule #Trips car -0.052 0.038 direct_effect
#Trips car Time spent between the first and last trip 0.539 0.0 direct_effect
#Trips car #Trips non-motorized -0.08 0.027 direct_effect
#Trips car Car ownership 0.116 0.0 direct_effect
#Trips car Working in mixed and dense areas -0.102 0.011 direct_effect
#Trips transit Time spent between the first and last trip 0.406 0.0 direct_effect
#Trips transit #Trips car -0.645 0.0 direct_effect
#Trips non-motorized Time spent between the first and last trip 0.115 0.001 direct_effect
Log Commuting distance Time spent between the first and last trip 0.085 0.022 direct_effect
Log Commuting distance #Trips non-motorized -0.141 0.0 direct_effect
Living in central, dense, and traditional areas Car ownership -0.095 0.002 direct_effect
Living in central, dense, and traditional areas Log Commuting distance -0.325 0.0 direct_effect
Working in transit accessible central and dense areas #Trips transit 0.076 0.022 direct_effect
Living in mixed areas Time spent between the first and last trip 0.081 0.021 direct_effect
Living in mixed areas Log Commuting distance -0.146 0.0 direct_effect
Living in transit and nonmotorized accessible areas #Trips car -0.078 0.003 direct_effect
Living in transit and nonmotorized accessible areas Log Commuting distance 0.126 0.0 direct_effect
Working in outer zones not well served by freeways Log Commuting distance -0.129 0.0 direct_effect

The Attitudes and Travel Database is produced with support from the Center for Teaching Old Models New Tricks at Arizona State University, a University Transportation Center sponsored by the US Department of Transportation through Grant No. 69A3551747116.

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