Stepping towards causation: Do built environments or neighborhood and travel preferences explain physical activity, driving, and obesity?

Frank, Saelens, Powell, and Chapman, 2007, in Social Science & Medicine

doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.05.053
Location Atlanta
Population General
Sample size nan
Factor analysis type principal components, Oblique rotation
Stepwise regression nan
Removal of insignificant variables nan
Reviewed by AR

Factors

Variable Pattern loading
Low crime (Safety) -0.139
Affordability (Cost) 0.109
Closeness to job (Res preference/perception) 0.394
Near shops and services (Res preference/perception) 0.275
Near major roads and interstates (Res preference/perception) 0.23
Ease of walking (Convenience) 0.549
Low transportation costs (Cost) 0.596
Near outdoor recreation (Res preference/perception) 0.195
Quality of schools (Res preference/perception) -0.072
Near to public transit (Res preference/perception) 0.712
Variable Pattern loading
Ability to walk to nearby shops and services (Res preference/perception) 0.833
Lot size and travel distance (Res preference/perception) 0.819
Level of activity and mix of housing (Res preference/perception) 0.833
Street pattern and travel distance (Res preference/perception) 0.85
House size and travel options (Res preference/perception) 0.818
Street design (Res preference/perception) 0.454
Street types and travel options (Res preference/perception) 0.877

Models

Dependent variable Obesity
Model type logistic regression
Sample size 1455.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 0.07
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Race 0.57 0.008
Gender 0.64 0.004
Household income 0.94 0.058
Neighborhood preference: 2nd quartile 0.88 0.517
Neighborhood preference: 3rd quartile 0.68 0.04
Neighborhood preference: 4th quartile 0.38 0.0
Walkability: 2nd quartile 0.77 0.237
Walkability: 3rd quartile 0.9 0.646
Walkability: 4th quartile 0.89 0.63
Dependent variable Obesity
Model type logistic regression
Sample size 2056.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 0.08
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Age(years) 1.02 0.0
Race 0.5 0.0
Household income 0.9 0.0
Household size 1.18 0.0
Non-motorized selection: 2nd quartile 1.04 0.761
Non-motorized selection: 3rd quartile 1.22 0.216
Non-motorized selection: 4th quartile 1.15 0.404
Walkability: 2nd quartile 0.98 0.907
Walkability: 3rd quartile 0.83 0.28
Walkability: 4th quartile 0.67 0.009
Dependent variable Any discretionary walk trips
Model type logistic regression
Sample size 1455.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Age 0.98 0.052
# Licensed drivers/vehicle 0.56 0.082
Neighborhood preference: 2nd quartile 1.97 0.187
Neighborhood preference: 3rd quartile 2.14 0.134
Neighborhood preference: 4th quartile 4.45 0.001
Walkability: 2nd quartile 0.6 0.357
Walkability: 3rd quartile 1.28 0.588
Walkability: 4th quartile 2.14 0.08
Dependent variable Any discretionary walk trips
Model type logistic regression
Sample size 2056.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 0.14
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Race 2.41 0.002
Total vehicles in the household 0.66 0.0
# Licensed drivers/vehicle 0.49 0.003
Non-motorized selection: 2nd quartile 1.38 0.458
Non-motorized selection: 3rd quartile 2.33 0.021
Non-motorized selection: 4th quartile 3.83 0.0
Walkability: 2nd quartile 0.8 0.749
Walkability: 3rd quartile 2.37 0.087
Walkability: 4th quartile 4.1 0.002
Dependent variable Any non-discretionary walk trips
Model type logistic regression
Sample size 1455.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 0.13
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Age(years) 0.97 0.0
Total vehicles in the household 0.67 0.0
# Licensed drivers/vehicle 0.67 0.065
Neighborhood preference: 2nd quartile 1.39 0.339
Neighborhood preference: 3rd quartile 3.49 0.0
Neighborhood preference: 4th quartile 5.05 0.0
Walkability: 2nd quartile 0.8 0.496
Walkability: 3rd quartile 1.2 0.541
Walkability: 4th quartile 1.72 0.062
Dependent variable Any non-discretionary walk trips
Model type logistic regression
Sample size 2056.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 0.14
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Age(years) 0.99 0.054
Household income 1.08 0.029
Total vehicles in the household 0.66 0.0
# Licensed drivers/vehicle 0.63 0.002
Non-motorized selection: 2nd quartile 1.42 0.142
Non-motorized selection: 3rd quartile 1.52 0.028
Non-motorized selection: 4th quartile 2.43 0.0
Walkability: 2nd quartile 0.8 0.484
Walkability: 3rd quartile 1.8 0.019
Walkability: 4th quartile 2.6 0.0
Dependent variable Any walk trips
Model type logistic regression
Sample size 1455.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 0.2
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Age(years) 0.97 0.0
Total vehicles in the household 0.68 0.0
Neighborhood preference: 2nd quartile 1.67 0.109
Neighborhood preference: 3rd quartile 3.23 0.0
Neighborhood preference: 4th quartile 4.81 0.0
Walkability: 2nd quartile 0.72 0.288
Walkability: 3rd quartile 1.11 0.708
Walkability: 4th quartile 1.62 0.076
Dependent variable Any walk trips
Model type logistic regression
Sample size 2056.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 0.15
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Age(years) 0.99 0.0
Total vehicles in the household 0.73 0.0
# Licensed drivers/vehicle 0.63 0.002
Non-motorized selection: 2nd quartile 1.27 0.307
Non-motorized selection: 3rd quartile 1.52 0.02
Non-motorized selection: 4th quartile 2.49 0.0
Walkability: 2nd quartile 0.79 0.445
Walkability: 3rd quartile 1.71 0.023
Walkability: 4th quartile 2.56 0.0
Dependent variable Vehicle Miles Traveled
Model type linear regression
Sample size 1455.0
R2 13.9
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Coefficient p-value
Age -0.3 nan
Race 3.9 nan
Gender -2.4 nan
Household income 1.7 0.021
# Licensed drivers/vehicle 3.5 0.063
Non-motorized preference quartile -1.1 0.104
Walkability quartile -5.5 <0.001
Dependent variable Vehicle Miles Traveled
Model type linear regression
Sample size 1455.0
R2 0.08
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Coefficient p-value
Household income 1.04 0.001
Total vehicles in the household 1.6 0.056
# < 18 year olds 1.2 0.079
# Licensed drivers/vehicle 2.7 0.092
Non-motorized selection quartile -2.4 <0.001
Walkability quartile -1.4 <0.001

The Attitudes and Travel Database is produced with support from the Center for Teaching Old Models New Tricks at Arizona State University, a University Transportation Center sponsored by the US Department of Transportation through Grant No. 69A3551747116.

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