The influence of urban design on neighbourhood walking following residential relocation: Longitudinal results from the RESIDE study

Giles-Corti, Bull, Knuiman, McCormack, Van Niel, Timperio, Christian, Foster, Divitini, Middleton, Boruff, 2013, in Social Science and Medicine

doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.10.016
Location Perth, Australia
Population Other (specify)
Sample size 1420
Factor analysis type exploratory factor analysis, Oblique rotation
Stepwise regression no
Removal of insignificant variables no
Reviewed by LCM

Factors

Variable Pattern loading
Closeness to public transport (Res preference/perception) 0.589
Desire nearby shops/services (Res preference/perception) 0.526
Access to freeway (Res preference/perception) 0.395
Closeness to place study (Res preference/perception) 0.379
Closeness to jobs (Res preference/perception) 0.309
Affordability/value (Cost) 0.221
Variable Pattern loading
Closeness to school (Res preference/perception) -0.727
Designed safe for children (Safety) -0.53
Variable Pattern loading
Streets designed safer for pedestrians/cyclists (Safety) 0.803
Streets have footpaths (Safety) 0.673
Ease of cycling (Comfort) 0.632
Streets designed to minimize traffic (Safety) 0.409
Ease of walking (Convenience) 0.329
Variable Pattern loading
Closeness to variety of parks (Res preference/perception) 0.778
Closeness to parks (Res preference/perception) 0.544
Closeness to recreational facilities (Res preference/perception) 0.422
Closeness to beach (Res preference/perception) 0.421
Variable Pattern loading
Safety from crime (Safety) 0.573
Sense of community (Res preference/perception) 0.448
Easy find way around neighborhood (Res preference/perception) 0.427
Choice lot sizes and housing types (Res preference/perception) 0.347

Models

Dependent variable Change in mean minutes of transport and recreational walking
Model type Generalized linear mixed model
Sample size 1420.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Coefficient p-value
Transport: number of objectively measured transport-related destination types that increased 7.0 0.014
Transport: number of transport-related neighborhood perceptions that changed favorably 3.5 0.002
Recreational: number of objectively measured transport-related destination types that increased 22.1 0.028
Recreational: number of transport-related neighborhood perceptions that changed favorably 4.5 <0.001
Neighborhood clustering Control nan
Age Control nan
Gender Control nan
Education level Control nan
Marital status Control nan
Childrena t home Control nan
Minutes of walking Control nan
Dependent variable Change in mean minutes of transport and recreational walking
Model type Generalized linear mixed model
Sample size 1420.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Coefficient p-value
Transport: number of objectively measured transport-related destination types that increased 6.7 0.018
Recreational: number of objectively measured transport-related destination types that increased 21.7 0.031
Neighborhood clustering Control nan
Age Control nan
Gender Control nan
Education level Control nan
Marital status Control nan
Children at home Control nan
Change in work status Control nan
Change in number of hours worked Control nan
Change in time to travel to work Control nan
Minutes of walking Control nan
Dependent variable Change in mean minutes of transport and recreational walking
Model type Generalized linear mixed model
Sample size 1420.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Coefficient p-value
Transport: number of objectively measured transport-related destination types that increased 5.8 0.042
Transport: number of transport-related neighborhood perceptions that changed favorably 3.1 0.006
Recreational: number of objectively measured transport-related destination types that increased 19.4 0.053
Recreational: number of transport-related neighborhood perceptions that changed favorably 4.4 <0.001
Neighborhood clustering Control nan
Age Control nan
Gender Control nan
Education level Control nan
Marital status Control nan
Children at home Control nan
Change in work status Control nan
Change in number of hours worked Control nan
Change in time to travel to work Control nan
Minutes of walking Control nan
Dependent variable Change in mean minutes of transport and recreational walking
Model type Generalized linear mixed model
Sample size 1420.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Coefficient p-value
Transport: number of objectively measured transport-related destination types that increased 6.0 0.038
Transport: number of transport-related neighborhood perceptions that changed favorably 3.0 0.008
Recreational: number of objectively measured transport-related destination types that increased 21.1 0.034
Recreational: number of transport-related neighborhood perceptions that changed favorably 3.8 <0.001
Neighborhood clustering Control nan
Age Control nan
Gender Control nan
Education level Control nan
Marital status Control nan
Children at home Control nan
Change in work status Control nan
Change in number of hours worked Control nan
Change in time to travel to work Control nan
Minutes of walking Control nan
Encouragement to go walking Control nan
Offering to go walking Control nan
Walking with study participant Control nan
Dog ownership Control nan
Dependent variable Change in mean minutes of transport and recreational walking
Model type Generalized linear mixed model
Sample size 1420.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Coefficient p-value
Transport: number of objectively measured transport-related destination types that increased 6.1 0.035
Transport: number of transport-related neighborhood perceptions that changed favorably 3.1 0.008
Recreational: number of objectively measured transport-related destination types that increased 17.2 0.078
Recreational: number of transport-related neighborhood perceptions that changed favorably 2.3 0.024
Neighborhood clustering Control nan
Age Control nan
Gender Control nan
Education level Control nan
Marital status Control nan
Children at home Control nan
Change in work status Control nan
Change in number of hours worked Control nan
Change in time to travel to work Control nan
Minutes of walking Control nan
Encouragement to go walking Control nan
Offering to go walking Control nan
Walking with study participant Control nan
Dog ownership Control nan
Behavioral intention Control nan
Enjoyment and attitude towards trying to walk Control nan
PBC Control nan
Behavioral skills for walking Control nan
Dependent variable Change in mean minutes of transport and recreational walking
Model type Generalized linear mixed model
Sample size 1420.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Coefficient p-value
Transport: number of objectively measured transport-related destination types that increased 5.8 0.045
Transport: number of transport-related neighborhood perceptions that changed favorably 3.0 0.011
Recreational: number of objectively measured transport-related destination types that increased 17.6 0.07
Recreational: number of transport-related neighborhood perceptions that changed favorably 2.2 0.033
Neighborhood clustering Control nan
Age Control nan
Gender Control nan
Education level Control nan
Marital status Control nan
Children at home Control nan
Change in work status Control nan
Change in number of hours worked Control nan
Change in time to travel to work Control nan
Minutes of walking Control nan
Encouragement to go walking Control nan
Offering to go walking Control nan
Walking with study participant Control nan
Dog ownership Control nan
Behavioral intention Control nan
Enjoyment and attitude towards trying to walk Control nan
PBC Control nan
Behavioral skills for walking Control nan
Self-selection factors Control nan

The Attitudes and Travel Database is produced with support from the Center for Teaching Old Models New Tricks at Arizona State University, a University Transportation Center sponsored by the US Department of Transportation through Grant No. 69A3551747116.

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