The objective versus the perceived environment: what matters for bicycling?
Ma, L., Dill, J., Mohr, C., 2014, in Transportation
doi:10.1007/s11116-014-9520-y
Location |
Portland, United States |
Population |
General |
Sample size |
830 |
Factor analysis type |
confirmatory factor analysis, none rotation |
Stepwise regression |
no |
Removal of insignificant variables |
yes |
Reviewed by |
LCM |
Abstract
This paper examines the relationship between the objectively measured and perceived built environment, and the relative strength of their association with bicycling behavior. By drawing on socio-cognitive theory, a conceptual model was proposed to explain the relationships between the objective environment, perceived environment, and bicycling behavior. Objective and perceived bike environments were measured using two latent constructs and structural equation modeling was employed to estimate the models based on data from three neighborhoods in Portland, Oregon. Results of this study showed that the perception of the environment had a direct and significant effect on bicycling behavior, while the direct effect of the objective environment on bicycling behavior became insignificant when controlling for perception. We therefore concluded that the objective environment may only indirectly affect bicycling behavior by influencing perceptions. An objectively good environment for bicycling was necessary but not sufficient for bicycling. Intervention programs to improve people’s perceptions of the environment may be necessary to reap the full potential of planning and design policies. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media New York.
Factors
Models
Source variable |
Target variable |
Effect |
p-value |
Effect type |
Objective environment (mediation) |
Perceived environment (mediation) |
0.402 |
<0.01 |
direct_effect |
Objective environment (mediation) |
Bicycling |
-0.017 |
nan |
direct_effect |
Perceived environment (mediation) |
Bicycling |
0.792 |
<0.01 |
direct_effect |
Source variable |
Target variable |
Effect |
p-value |
Effect type |
Age |
Perceived environment (full) |
-0.28 |
<0.05 |
direct_effect |
Age |
Bicycling |
-0.104 |
<0.05 |
direct_effect |
Female |
Perceived environment (full) |
-0.141 |
<0.05 |
direct_effect |
Female |
Bicycling |
-0.111 |
<0.05 |
direct_effect |
Education |
Perceived environment (full) |
0.09 |
<0.05 |
direct_effect |
Vehicle |
Objective environment (full) |
-0.179 |
<0.05 |
direct_effect |
Vehicle |
Bicycling |
-0.116 |
<0.05 |
direct_effect |
Child |
Objective environment (full) |
0.105 |
<0.05 |
direct_effect |
Child |
Bicycling |
0.096 |
<0.05 |
direct_effect |
Objective environment (full) |
Perceived environment (full) |
0.311 |
<0.05 |
direct_effect |
Error |
Objective environment (full) |
0.961 |
<0.05 |
error |
Perceived environment (full) |
Bicycling |
0.491 |
<0.05 |
direct_effect |
Error |
Perceived environment (full) |
0.413 |
<0.05 |
error |
Bicycling |
Perceived environment (full) |
0.287 |
<0.05 |
direct_effect |
Error |
Bicycling |
0.462 |
<0.05 |
error |