The unmet demand for walkability: Disparities between preferences and actual choices for residential environments in Toronto and Vancouver

Frank, Kershaw, Chapman, Campbell, Swinkels, 2015, in Canadian Journal of Public Health

doi:nan
Location Toronto, Canada and Vancouver, Canada
Population General
Sample size 1525 (Toronto), 1223 (Vancouver)
Factor analysis type principal components, unknown rotation
Stepwise regression no
Removal of insignificant variables yes
Reviewed by LCM

Factors

Models

Dependent variable Likelihood of utilitarian walk trip
Model type logistic regression
Sample size 1525.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) 0.151
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Age 0.99 0.051
Sex 0.73 0.045
# Vehicles in household 0.72 0.001
Physical activity restriction 0.54 0.001
Neighborhood preference quartile (Q2: Medium-low) 3.28 0.002
Neighborhood preference quartile (Q3: Medium-high) 5.44 0.0
Neighborhood preference quartile (Q4: High) 10.12 0.0
Objective neighborhood walkability quartile (Q2: Medium-low) 1.62 0.001
Objective neighborhood walkability quartile (Q3: Medium-high) 2.55 0.0
Objective neighborhood walkability quartile (Q4: High) nan nan
Dependent variable Likelihood of recreational walk trip
Model type logistic regression
Sample size 1525.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) 0.022
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Age 1.01 0.049
Annual household income 1.07 0.058
Immigrated to Canada 1.41 0.016
Physical activity restriction 0.74 0.084
Neighborhood preference quartile (Q2: Medium-low) 0.98 0.958
Neighborhood preference quartile (Q3: Medium-high) 1.09 0.816
Neighborhood preference quartile (Q4: High) 1.35 0.419
Objective neighborhood walkability quartile (Q2: Medium-low) 1.23 0.257
Objective neighborhood walkability quartile (Q3: Medium-high) 1.09 0.715
Objective neighborhood walkability quartile (Q4: High) 2.25 0.16
Dependent variable Likelihood of public transit trip
Model type logistic regression
Sample size 1525.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) 0.132
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Age 0.97 0.0
Annual household income 0.91 0.005
Neighborhood preference quartile (Q2: Medium-low) 2.07 0.091
Neighborhood preference quartile (Q3: Medium-high) 3.04 0.005
Neighborhood preference quartile (Q4: High) 6.32 0.0
Objective neighborhood walkability quartile (Q2: Medium-low) 1.59 0.002
Objective neighborhood walkability quartile (Q3: Medium-high) 1.74 0.003
Objective neighborhood walkability quartile (Q4: High) 5.28 0.0
Dependent variable Likelihood of overweight/obesity
Model type logistic regression
Sample size 1525.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) 0.075
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Age 1.02 0.0
Sex 0.6 0.0
Immigrated to Canada 0.75 0.037
Physical activity restriction 2.01 0.0
Neighborhood preference quartile (Q2: Medium-low) 0.89 0.781
Neighborhood preference quartile (Q3: Medium-high) 0.65 0.282
Neighborhood preference quartile (Q4: High) 0.64 0.266
Objective neighborhood walkability quartile (Q2: Medium-low) 0.75 0.128
Objective neighborhood walkability quartile (Q3: Medium-high) 0.64 0.266
Objective neighborhood walkability quartile (Q4: High) 0.6 0.296
Dependent variable Likelihood of utilitarian walk trip
Model type logistic regression
Sample size 1223.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) 0.178
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Age 0.99 0.051
Sex 1.31 0.048
Physical activity restriction 0.57 0.001
Neighborhood preference quartile (Q2: Medium-low) 1.46 0.164
Neighborhood preference quartile (Q3: Medium-high) 2.69 0.0
Neighborhood preference quartile (Q4: High) 4.43 0.0
Objective neighborhood walkability quartile (Q2: Medium-low) 1.75 0.0
Objective neighborhood walkability quartile (Q3: Medium-high) 3.1 0.0
Objective neighborhood walkability quartile (Q4: High) 2.88 0.0
Dependent variable Likelihood of recreational walk trip
Model type logistic regression
Sample size 1223.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) 0.044
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Age 1.01 0.049
Sex 1.37 0.03
Annual household income 1.15 0.001
Visible minority 0.7 0.05
Physical activity restriction 0.63 0.007
Neighborhood preference quartile (Q2: Medium-low) 1.59 0.084
Neighborhood preference quartile (Q3: Medium-high) 1.98 0.003
Neighborhood preference quartile (Q4: High) 2.51 0.0
Objective neighborhood walkability quartile (Q2: Medium-low) 0.99 0.953
Objective neighborhood walkability quartile (Q3: Medium-high) 1.41 0.239
Objective neighborhood walkability quartile (Q4: High) 1.0 1.0
Dependent variable Likelihood of public transit trip
Model type logistic regression
Sample size 1223.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) 0.175
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Age 0.97 0.0
Sex 0.76 0.038
Annual household income 0.82 0.0
Immigrated to Canada 1.34 0.034
Neighborhood preference quartile (Q2: Medium-low) 2.18 0.032
Neighborhood preference quartile (Q3: Medium-high) 3.54 0.0
Neighborhood preference quartile (Q4: High) 5.86 0.0
Objective neighborhood walkability quartile (Q2: Medium-low) 1.67 0.0
Objective neighborhood walkability quartile (Q3: Medium-high) 2.48 0.0
Objective neighborhood walkability quartile (Q4: High) 1.92 0.001
Dependent variable Likelihood of overweight/obesity
Model type logistic regression
Sample size 1223.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) 0.092
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Age 1.02 0.0
Sex 0.52 0.0
Visible minority 0.56 0.001
Physical activity restriction 1.89 0.0
Neighborhood preference quartile (Q2: Medium-low) 1.57 0.105
Neighborhood preference quartile (Q3: Medium-high) 1.22 0.454
Neighborhood preference quartile (Q4: High) 1.35 0.263
Objective neighborhood walkability quartile (Q2: Medium-low) 0.8 0.045
Objective neighborhood walkability quartile (Q3: Medium-high) 0.69 0.125
Objective neighborhood walkability quartile (Q4: High) 0.62 0.024
Dependent variable VKT
Model type linear regression
Sample size 1525.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) 0.293
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Standardized_coefficient p-value
Sex -0.09 0.009
Annual household income 0.13 <0.001
Visible minority -0.06 0.074
# Licensed drivers/vehicle 0.35 <0.001
# Vehicles in household 0.11 0.053
Neighborhood preference quartile -0.08 0.032
Objective neighborhood walkability quartile -0.07 0.066
Dependent variable VKT
Model type linear regression
Sample size 1223.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) 0.294
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Sex -0.07 0.032
Annual household income 0.12 <0.001
# Licensed drivers/vehicle 0.34 <0.001
# Vehicles in household 0.12 0.013
Objective neighborhood walkability quartile -0.15 <0.001

The Attitudes and Travel Database is produced with support from the Center for Teaching Old Models New Tricks at Arizona State University, a University Transportation Center sponsored by the US Department of Transportation through Grant No. 69A3551747116.

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