Transit-oriented development and the frequency of modal use

Noland, R.B. and Dipetrillo, S., 2015, in Journal of Transport and Land Use

doi:10.5198/jtlu.2015.517
Location New Jersey, USA
Population General
Sample size 1629
Factor analysis type confirmatory factor analysis, Orthogonal rotation
Stepwise regression no
Removal of insignificant variables nan
Reviewed by AR

Abstract

Transit-oriented development (TOD) is assumed to be effective at changing the travel behavior of individuals, particularly in increasing the use of public transit, but also by increasing walking activity while decreasing driving. The analysis presented here examines the frequency of using these modes of travel for those living in TODs and proximate to a train station versus those living more distantly. Household survey data was collected for the area surrounding eight rail stations in the state of New Jersey in the United States. The models developed include factors that control for attitudes about the neighborhood where respondents reside and how long they have lived at their current residence. Other control variables to represent the urban design of the neighborhood are also included. A factor analysis of the attitudinal variables produces five factors that are used as controls in an ordered structural equation model of frequency of using public transit, walking, and driving. Results suggest that those living in TODs and closer to the train station use public transit and walk more frequently than those living farther out; they also drive less frequently than those living farther out. © 2015 Robert B. Noland and Stephanie DiPetrillo.

Factors

Variable Pattern loading
My neighborhood is a good place to live (Res preference/perception) 0.7938
Living in my neighborhood gives me a sense of community (Res preference/perception) 0.7226
I know my neighbors (Lifestyle) 0.5553
At night I feel safe walking by myself in my neighborhood (Safety) 0.7231
My neighborhood is a good place to raise children (Res preference/perception) 0.8024
Most people in my neighborhood can be trusted (Safety) 0.7823
My neighborhood is noisy (Res preference/perception) -0.4526
Variable Pattern loading
Close to job (Res preference/perception) 0.3186
Close to train station or bus stop (Res preference/perception) 0.4415
Access to major roads or highways (Res preference/perception) 0.2785
Good variety of shops and services (Res preference/perception) 0.5487
Low crime rate (Res preference/perception) 0.3813
Can easily walk in my neighborhood (Res preference/perception) 0.5371
Close to parks or other open space (Res preference/perception) 0.4118
Variable Pattern loading
Little or no traffic (Convenience) 0.4475
Low crime rate (Res preference/perception) 0.4133
Good schools (Res preference/perception) 0.5751
Close to parks or other open space (Res preference/perception) 0.3199
Variable Pattern loading
Close to friends or relatives (Res preference/perception) 0.2692
Access to major roads or highways (Res preference/perception) 0.5023
Little or no traffic (Convenience) 0.3227
Easy to park car (Res preference/perception) 0.5571
Good variety of shops and services (Res preference/perception) 0.2652
Variable Pattern loading
Living in my neighborhood gives me a sense of community (Res preference/perception) 0.2599
I know my neighbors (Lifestyle) 0.3066
Traffic makes it unsafe for me to walk in my neighborhood (Safety) 0.3131
My neighborhood is noisy (Res preference/perception) 0.297

Models

Source variable Target variable Effect p-value Effect type
Factor 1: Positive Sense of Community Home tenure 0.087 0.029 direct_effect
Factor 2: Ability to Easily Access Activities Home tenure 0.015 0.704 direct_effect
Factor 3: Child Friendly Neighborhood Home tenure -0.263 0.0 direct_effect
Factor 4: Enjoys Driving Home tenure 0.065 0.187 direct_effect
Factor 5: Distressed Community Home tenure -0.072 0.201 direct_effect
Population density Home tenure -0.006 0.92 direct_effect
Employment density Home tenure -0.014 0.49 direct_effect
Local street density (within 0.5-mile radius) Home tenure 0.125 0.208 direct_effect
Average age of adults in HH Home tenure 1.684 0.0 direct_effect
Cranford dummy Home tenure 0.107 0.363 direct_effect
Jersey City dummy Home tenure -0.152 0.395 direct_effect
Metuchen dummy Home tenure 0.084 0.49 direct_effect
Morristown dummy Home tenure -0.057 0.667 direct_effect
New Brunswick dummy Home tenure 0.14 0.912 direct_effect
Newark dummy Home tenure -0.101 0.562 direct_effect
Plainfield dummy Home tenure 0.127 0.39 direct_effect
Lives in a TOD Home tenure -0.414 0.001 direct_effect
Lives within a 0.5 mile of station Home tenure -0.036 0.603 direct_effect
Constant Home tenure -4.538 0.0 direct_effect
Vehicles per adult Commute time -0.019 0.849 direct_effect
Factor 1: Positive Sense of Community Commute time -0.032 0.453 direct_effect
Factor 2: Ability to Easily Access Activities Commute time 0.009 0.803 direct_effect
Factor 3: Child Friendly Neighborhood Commute time 0.106 0.041 direct_effect
Factor 4: Enjoys Driving Commute time -0.006 0.912 direct_effect
Factor 5: Distressed Community Commute time -0.099 0.114 direct_effect
Cranford dummy Commute time -0.124 0.342 direct_effect
Jersey City dummy Commute time 0.106 0.582 direct_effect
Metuchen dummy Commute time 0.095 0.472 direct_effect
Morristown dummy Commute time -0.395 0.008 direct_effect
New Brunswick dummy Commute time -0.198 0.119 direct_effect
Newark dummy Commute time 0.014 0.944 direct_effect
Plainfield dummy Commute time -0.066 0.674 direct_effect
Lives in a TOD Commute time 0.108 0.347 direct_effect
Lives within a 0.5 mile of station Commute time 0.121 0.129 direct_effect
Average age of adults in HH Commute time -0.138 0.258 direct_effect
Income 25-75K Commute time 0.019 0.873 direct_effect
Income 75-150k Commute time 0.13 0.238 direct_effect
Income over 150K Commute time 0.457 0.0 direct_effect
Constant Commute time 4.028 0.0 direct_effect
Factor 1: Positive Sense of Community Vehicles per adult in househod 0.019 0.069 direct_effect
Factor 2: Ability to Easily Access Activities Vehicles per adult in househod -0.001 0.936 direct_effect
Factor 3: Child Friendly Neighborhood Vehicles per adult in househod -0.051 0.0 direct_effect
Factor 4: Enjoys Driving Vehicles per adult in househod -0.047 0.0 direct_effect
Factor 5: Distressed Community Vehicles per adult in househod 0.117 0.0 direct_effect
Population density Vehicles per adult in househod 0.0 0.976 direct_effect
Employment density Vehicles per adult in househod 0.003 0.582 direct_effect
Local street density (within 0.5-mile radius) Vehicles per adult in househod 0.005 0.881 direct_effect
Cranford dummy Vehicles per adult in househod 0.061 0.08 direct_effect
Jersey City dummy Vehicles per adult in househod -0.171 0.0 direct_effect
Metuchen dummy Vehicles per adult in househod 0.025 0.441 direct_effect
Morristown dummy Vehicles per adult in househod 0.056 0.162 direct_effect
New Brunswick dummy Vehicles per adult in househod -0.011 0.757 direct_effect
Newark dummy Vehicles per adult in househod -0.123 0.002 direct_effect
Plainfield dummy Vehicles per adult in househod -0.086 0.025 direct_effect
Lives in a TOD Vehicles per adult in househod -0.016 0.596 direct_effect
Lives within a 0.5 mile of station Vehicles per adult in househod -0.055 0.013 direct_effect
Average age of adults in HH Vehicles per adult in househod 0.063 0.06 direct_effect
Income 25-75K Vehicles per adult in househod 0.015 0.617 direct_effect
Income 75-150k Vehicles per adult in househod 0.068 0.029 direct_effect
Income over 150K Vehicles per adult in househod 0.082 0.013 direct_effect
Constant Vehicles per adult in househod 0.313 0.08 direct_effect
Home tenure Walking Frequency -0.092 0.054 direct_effect
Commute time Walking Frequency 0.078 0.054 direct_effect
Vehicles per adult Walking Frequency -0.643 0.0 direct_effect
Factor 1: Positive Sense of Community Walking Frequency -0.066 0.226 direct_effect
Factor 2: Ability to Easily Access Activities Walking Frequency -0.105 0.04 direct_effect
Factor 3: Child Friendly Neighborhood Walking Frequency 0.274 0.0 direct_effect
Factor 4: Enjoys Driving Walking Frequency 0.319 0.0 direct_effect
Factor 5: Distressed Community Walking Frequency -0.089 0.254 direct_effect
Cranford dummy Walking Frequency 0.196 0.222 direct_effect
Jersey City dummy Walking Frequency 0.742 0.001 direct_effect
Metuchen dummy Walking Frequency 0.392 0.014 direct_effect
Morristown dummy Walking Frequency 0.676 0.0 direct_effect
New Brunswick dummy Walking Frequency 0.149 0.401 direct_effect
Newark dummy Walking Frequency -0.043 0.841 direct_effect
Plainfield dummy Walking Frequency 0.256 0.156 direct_effect
Lives in a TOD Walking Frequency 0.415 0.007 direct_effect
Lives within a 0.5 mile of station Walking Frequency 0.518 0.0 direct_effect
Population density Walking Frequency 0.055 0.453 direct_effect
Employment density Walking Frequency -0.048 0.085 direct_effect
Local street density (within 0.5-mile radius) Walking Frequency -0.268 0.041 direct_effect
Average age of adults in HH Walking Frequency -0.215 0.23 direct_effect
Income 25-75K Walking Frequency 0.004 0.984 direct_effect
Income 75-150k Walking Frequency 0.026 0.857 direct_effect
Income over 150K Walking Frequency 0.085 0.582 direct_effect
Walking frequency - cut 1 Walking Frequency -0.619 0.509 direct_effect
Walking frequency - cut 2 Walking Frequency -0.184 0.841 direct_effect
Walking frequency - cut 3 Walking Frequency 0.035 0.968 direct_effect
Walking frequency - cut 4 Walking Frequency 0.717 0.43 direct_effect
Walking frequency - cut 5 Walking Frequency -0.042 0.96 direct_effect
Home tenure Driving Frequency -0.031 0.562 direct_effect
Commute time Driving Frequency -0.349 0.0 direct_effect
Vehicles per adult Driving Frequency 1.032 0.0 direct_effect
Factor 1: Positive Sense of Community Driving Frequency 0.043 0.459 direct_effect
Factor 2: Ability to Easily Access Activities Driving Frequency 0.114 0.07 direct_effect
Factor 3: Child Friendly Neighborhood Driving Frequency -0.363 0.0 direct_effect
Factor 4: Enjoys Driving Driving Frequency -0.249 0.002 direct_effect
Factor 5: Distressed Community Driving Frequency 0.184 0.041 direct_effect
Cranford dummy Driving Frequency -0.308 0.124 direct_effect
Jersey City dummy Driving Frequency -0.5 0.051 direct_effect
Metuchen dummy Driving Frequency -0.176 0.384 direct_effect
Morristown dummy Driving Frequency 0.056 0.779 direct_effect
New Brunswick dummy Driving Frequency 0.016 0.936 direct_effect
Newark dummy Driving Frequency -0.563 0.019 direct_effect
Plainfield dummy Driving Frequency -0.202 0.401 direct_effect
Lives in a TOD Driving Frequency -0.314 0.064 direct_effect
Lives within a 0.5 mile of station Driving Frequency -0.155 0.194 direct_effect
Population density Driving Frequency -0.131 0.126 direct_effect
Employment density Driving Frequency -0.006 0.865 direct_effect
Local street density (within 0.5-mile radius) Driving Frequency -0.045 0.757 direct_effect
Average age of adults in HH Driving Frequency -0.07 0.726 direct_effect
Income 25-75K Driving Frequency 0.195 0.267 direct_effect
Income 75-150k Driving Frequency 0.179 0.298 direct_effect
Income over 150K Driving Frequency 0.153 0.395 direct_effect
Driving frequency - cut 1 Driving Frequency 2.364 0.041 direct_effect
Driving frequency - cut 2 Driving Frequency -3.969 0.001 direct_effect
Driving frequency - cut 3 Driving Frequency -3.767 0.001 direct_effect
Driving frequency - cut 4 Driving Frequency -3.502 0.002 direct_effect
Driving frequency - cut 5 Driving Frequency 0.988 0.39 direct_effect
Home tenure Public Transit use Frequency -0.076 0.116 direct_effect
Commute time Public Transit use Frequency 0.521 0.0 direct_effect
Vehicles per adult Public Transit use Frequency -0.912 0.0 direct_effect
Factor 1: Positive Sense of Community Public Transit use Frequency -0.018 0.704 direct_effect
Factor 2: Ability to Easily Access Activities Public Transit use Frequency -0.062 0.171 direct_effect
Factor 3: Child Friendly Neighborhood Public Transit use Frequency 0.375 0.0 direct_effect
Factor 4: Enjoys Driving Public Transit use Frequency 0.233 0.001 direct_effect
Factor 5: Distressed Community Public Transit use Frequency -0.087 0.246 direct_effect
Cranford dummy Public Transit use Frequency 0.148 0.322 direct_effect
Jersey City dummy Public Transit use Frequency 0.767 0.001 direct_effect
Metuchen dummy Public Transit use Frequency 0.249 0.101 direct_effect
Morristown dummy Public Transit use Frequency 0.041 0.81 direct_effect
New Brunswick dummy Public Transit use Frequency -0.044 0.787 direct_effect
Newark dummy Public Transit use Frequency 0.347 0.07 direct_effect
Plainfield dummy Public Transit use Frequency -0.194 0.271 direct_effect
Lives in a TOD Public Transit use Frequency 0.427 0.003 direct_effect
Lives within a 0.5 mile of station Public Transit use Frequency 0.098 0.294 direct_effect
Population density Public Transit use Frequency 0.046 0.555 direct_effect
Employment density Public Transit use Frequency -0.049 0.072 direct_effect
Local street density (within 0.5-mile radius) Public Transit use Frequency 0.144 0.246 direct_effect
Average age of adults in HH Public Transit use Frequency -0.1 0.562 direct_effect
Income 25-75K Public Transit use Frequency -0.118 0.379 direct_effect
Income 75-150k Public Transit use Frequency 0.068 0.596 direct_effect
Income over 150K Public Transit use Frequency 0.286 0.037 direct_effect
Public transit frequency -cut 1 Public Transit use Frequency 4.116 0.001 direct_effect
Public transit frequency -cut 2 Public Transit use Frequency 2.833 0.024 direct_effect
Public transit frequency -cut 3 Public Transit use Frequency 1.948 0.121 direct_effect
Public transit frequency -cut 4 Public Transit use Frequency 2.131 0.089 direct_effect
Public transit frequency -cut 5 Public Transit use Frequency 2.367 0.059 direct_effect

The Attitudes and Travel Database is produced with support from the Center for Teaching Old Models New Tricks at Arizona State University, a University Transportation Center sponsored by the US Department of Transportation through Grant No. 69A3551747116.

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