Travel-based residential self-selection: A qualitatively improved understanding from Norway

Wolday, Næss, Cao, 2019, in Cities

doi:10.1016/j.cities.2018.12.029
Location Oslo,Norway and Stavanger, Norway
Population General
Sample size 3232
Factor analysis type exploratory factor analysis, varimax rotation
Stepwise regression no
Removal of insignificant variables no
Reviewed by LCM

Factors

Variable Pattern loading
Proximity to green areas (Res preference/perception) 0.485
Nice view (Res preference/perception) 0.595
Undisturbed location (Res preference/perception) 0.515
Architecture (Res preference/perception) 0.359
Private garden (Res preference/perception) 0.343
Variable Pattern loading
Private garden (Res preference/perception) 0.609
Good school/kindergarten (Res preference/perception) 0.674
Variable Pattern loading
Opportunities for physical exercise (Res preference/perception) 0.622
Proximity to green areas (Res preference/perception) 0.53
Variable Pattern loading
No social problems (Safety) 0.403
Favorable investment object (Res preference/perception) 0.661
Good property management (Res preference/perception) 0.571
Variable Pattern loading
Proximity to shops (Res preference/perception) 0.714
Easy access to shopping mall (Res preference/perception) 0.625
Variable Pattern loading
Proximity to train/metro (Res preference/perception) 0.705
Proximity to bus/streetcar (Res preference/perception) 0.765

Models

Dependent variable Likelihood of outward move
Model type Binary logistic regression
Sample size 403.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (Nagelkerke) 0.117
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Children 1.742 0.004
Transit nan 0.43
Exercise nan 0.166
Amenity 1.287 0.099
Preference for proximity to relatives and friends nan 0.282
Preference for proximity to workplace nan 0.684
Investment nan 0.18
Shopping nan 0.629
Number of household members younger than 7 years 1.687 0.01
Number of household members 7-17 years 0.625 0.061
Education (masters =1, other =0) 0.637 0.06
Gender (female =1) nan 0.462
Driver's license for car nan 0.215
Number of household members 18 years or older nan 0.908
Age nan 0.464
Whether the respondent is a workforce participant nan 0.42
Personal gross income (1000 NOK) nan 0.722
Constant 0.595 0.011
Dependent variable Likelihood of outward move
Model type Binary logistic regression
Sample size 208.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (Nagelkerke) 0.108
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Children 1.897 0.003
Transit nan 0.475
Exercise nan 0.451
Amenity nan 0.357
Preference for proximity to relatives and friends nan 0.642
Preference for proximity to workplace nan 0.349
Investment nan 0.31
Shopping 0.679 0.063
Number of household members younger than 7 years nan 0.799
Number of household members 7-17 years 0.579 0.059
Education (masters =1, other =0) nan 0.481
Gender (female =1) 0.446 0.012
Driver's license for car nan 0.457
Number of household members 18 years or older nan 0.996
Age nan 0.924
Whether the respondent is a workforce participant nan 0.944
Personal gross income (1000 NOK) nan 0.179
Constant 1.884 0.194
Dependent variable Likelihood of inward move
Model type Binary logistic regression
Sample size 403.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (Nagelkerke) 0.091
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Children 0.399 0
Transit 1.472 0.016
Exercise nan 0.394
Amenity nan 0.898
Preference for proximity to relatives and friends 0.798 0.059
Preference for proximity to workplace nan 0.199
Investment 0.779 0.09
Shopping nan 0.217
Number of household members younger than 7 years nan 0.34
Number of household members 7-17 years nan 0.834
Education (masters =1, other =0) nan 0.785
Gender (female =1) nan 0.474
Driver's license for car nan 0.501
Number of household members 18 years or older nan 0.974
Age nan 0.311
Whether the respondent is a workforce participant nan 0.926
Personal gross income (1000 NOK) nan 0.183
Constant 0.408 0.043
Dependent variable Likelihood of inward move
Model type Binary logistic regression
Sample size 208.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (Nagelkerke) 0.094
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Children 0.451 0.008
Transit nan 0.587
Exercise nan 0.948
Amenity nan 0.256
Preference for proximity to relatives and friends nan 0.783
Preference for proximity to workplace nan 0.711
Investment nan 0.997
Shopping 1.675 0.039
Number of household members younger than 7 years nan 0.555
Number of household members 7-17 years nan 0.237
Education (masters =1, other =0) nan 0.539
Gender (female =1) nan 0.561
Driver's license for car nan 0.438
Number of household members 18 years or older nan 0.144
Age nan 0.827
Whether the respondent is a workforce participant nan 0.995
Personal gross income (1000 NOK) nan 0.36
Constant 0.162 0
Dependent variable Commuting distance
Model type Binary logistic regression
Sample size 1052.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Distance to the main city center (km) 0.532 0
Inhabitants per hectare within the 1 km2 grid square of the dwelling -0.035 0.343
Distance to the closest second-order center (km) 0.007 0.817
Distance to the closest local center -0.026 0.419
Residence within a zone of high transit accesibility 0.044 0.199
Gender Control nan
Age Control nan
Education level Control nan
Personal gross income Control nan
Number of household members below 7 years of age Control nan
Number of household members 7-17 years Control nan
Number of households 18 years or older Control nan
Possession of a drivers' license for car Control nan
Shopping Control nan
Children Control nan
Investment Control nan
Transit Control nan
Amenity Control nan
Exercise Control nan
Proximity to workplace Control nan
Proximity to relatives and friends Control nan
Dependent variable Commuting distance
Model type Binary logistic regression
Sample size 1052.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Distance to the main city center (km) 0.523 0
Inhabitants per hectare within the 1 km2 grid square of the dwelling -0.018 0.634
Distance to the closest second-order center (km) 0.004 0.894
Distance to the closest local center -0.021 0.516
Residence within a zone of high transit accesibility 0.049 0.161
Gender Control nan
Age Control nan
Education level Control nan
Personal gross income Control nan
Number of household members below 7 years of age Control nan
Number of household members 7-17 years Control nan
Number of households 18 years or older Control nan
Possession of a drivers' license for car Control nan
Dependent variable Weekly distance traveled by car for non-work purposes
Model type Binary logistic regression
Sample size 1470.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Distance to the main city center (km) 0.213 0
Inhabitants per hectare within the 1 km2 grid square of the dwelling -0.058 0.089
Distance to the closest second-order center (km) 0.061 0.037
Distance to the closest local center -0.001 0.962
Residence within a zone of high transit accesibility -0.036 0.26
Gender Control nan
Age Control nan
Education level Control nan
Personal gross income Control nan
Number of household members below 7 years of age Control nan
Number of household members 7-17 years Control nan
Number of households 18 years or older Control nan
Possession of a drivers' license for car Control nan
Shopping Control nan
Children Control nan
Investment Control nan
Transit Control nan
Amenity Control nan
Exercise Control nan
Proximity to workplace Control nan
Proximity to relatives and friends Control nan
Dependent variable Weekly distance traveled by car for non-work purposes
Model type Binary logistic regression
Sample size 1470.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Distance to the main city center (km) 0.211 0
Inhabitants per hectare within the 1 km2 grid square of the dwelling -0.059 0.083
Distance to the closest second-order center (km) 0.06 0.038
Distance to the closest local center 0.006 0.847
Residence within a zone of high transit accesibility -0.033 0.294
Gender Control nan
Age Control nan
Education level Control nan
Personal gross income Control nan
Number of household members below 7 years of age Control nan
Number of household members 7-17 years Control nan
Number of households 18 years or older Control nan
Possession of a drivers' license for car Control nan
Dependent variable Share of distance traveled by car for commuting and seven non-work purposes
Model type Binary logistic regression
Sample size 956.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Distance to the main city center (km) 0.199 0
Inhabitants per hectare within the 1 km2 grid square of the dwelling -0.074 0.054
Distance to the closest second-order center (km) -0.02 0.528
Distance to the closest local center 0.029 0.38
Residence within a zone of high transit accesibility -0.096 0.007
Gender Control nan
Age Control nan
Education level Control nan
Personal gross income Control nan
Number of household members below 7 years of age Control nan
Number of household members 7-17 years Control nan
Number of households 18 years or older Control nan
Possession of a drivers' license for car Control nan
Shopping Control nan
Children Control nan
Investment Control nan
Transit Control nan
Amenity Control nan
Exercise Control nan
Proximity to workplace Control nan
Proximity to relatives and friends Control nan
Dependent variable Share of distance traveled by car for commuting and seven non-work purposes
Model type Binary logistic regression
Sample size 956.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Distance to the main city center (km) 0.243 0
Inhabitants per hectare within the 1 km2 grid square of the dwelling -0.068 0.087
Distance to the closest second-order center (km) -0.002 0.951
Distance to the closest local center 0.032 0.349
Residence within a zone of high transit accesibility -0.117 0.001
Gender Control nan
Age Control nan
Education level Control nan
Personal gross income Control nan
Number of household members below 7 years of age Control nan
Number of household members 7-17 years Control nan
Number of households 18 years or older Control nan
Possession of a drivers' license for car Control nan
Dependent variable Transit share of distance traveled for commuting and seven non-work purposes
Model type Binary logistic regression
Sample size 1052.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Distance to the main city center (km) -0.008 0.864
Inhabitants per hectare within the 1 km2 grid square of the dwelling -0.091 0.032
Distance to the closest second-order center (km) 0.064 0.074
Distance to the closest local center -0.065 0.077
Residence within a zone of high transit accesibility 0.037 0.35
Gender Control nan
Age Control nan
Education level Control nan
Personal gross income Control nan
Number of household members below 7 years of age Control nan
Number of household members 7-17 years Control nan
Number of households 18 years or older Control nan
Possession of a drivers' license for car Control nan
Shopping Control nan
Children Control nan
Investment Control nan
Transit Control nan
Amenity Control nan
Exercise Control nan
Proximity to workplace Control nan
Proximity to relatives and friends Control nan
Dependent variable Transit share of distance traveled for commuting and seven non-work purposes
Model type Binary logistic regression
Sample size 1052.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Distance to the main city center (km) -0.059 0.208
Inhabitants per hectare within the 1 km2 grid square of the dwelling -0.083 0.059
Distance to the closest second-order center (km) 0.043 0.255
Distance to the closest local center -0.068 0.075
Residence within a zone of high transit accesibility 0.066 0.107
Gender Control nan
Age Control nan
Education level Control nan
Personal gross income Control nan
Number of household members below 7 years of age Control nan
Number of household members 7-17 years Control nan
Number of households 18 years or older Control nan
Possession of a drivers' license for car Control nan
Dependent variable Non-motorized share of distance traveled for commuting and seven non-work purposes
Model type Binary logistic regression
Sample size 956.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Distance to the main city center (km) -0.226 0
Inhabitants per hectare within the 1 km2 grid square of the dwelling 0.231 0
Distance to the closest second-order center (km) -0.072 0.032
Distance to the closest local center 0.052 0.131
Residence within a zone of high transit accesibility 0.099 0.007
Gender Control nan
Age Control nan
Education level Control nan
Personal gross income Control nan
Number of household members below 7 years of age Control nan
Number of household members 7-17 years Control nan
Number of households 18 years or older Control nan
Possession of a drivers' license for car Control nan
Shopping Control nan
Children Control nan
Investment Control nan
Transit Control nan
Amenity Control nan
Exercise Control nan
Proximity to workplace Control nan
Proximity to relatives and friends Control nan
Dependent variable Non-motorized share of distance traveled for commuting and seven non-work purposes
Model type Binary logistic regression
Sample size 956.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants nan
Log-likelihood at convergence nan
Variable Odds_ratio p-value
Distance to the main city center (km) -0.233 0
Inhabitants per hectare within the 1 km2 grid square of the dwelling 0.214 0
Distance to the closest second-order center (km) -0.074 0.031
Distance to the closest local center 0.047 0.174
Residence within a zone of high transit accesibility 0.093 0.012
Gender Control nan
Age Control nan
Education level Control nan
Personal gross income Control nan
Number of household members below 7 years of age Control nan
Number of household members 7-17 years Control nan
Number of households 18 years or older Control nan
Possession of a drivers' license for car Control nan

The Attitudes and Travel Database is produced with support from the Center for Teaching Old Models New Tricks at Arizona State University, a University Transportation Center sponsored by the US Department of Transportation through Grant No. 69A3551747116.

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