Values, attitudes and travel behavior: a hierarchical latent variable mixed logit model of travel mode choice

Paulssen, Temme, Vij, and Walker, 2014, in Transportation

Location	Germany
Population	Other (specify)
Sample size	519
Factor analysis type	confirmatory factor analysis, nan rotation
Stepwise regression	nan
Removal of insignificant variables	yes
Reviewed by	MWC

Abstract

Values lie at the heart of an individual's belief system, serving as prototypes from which attitudes and behaviors are subsequently manufactured. Attitudes and behaviors may evolve over time, but values represent a set of more enduring beliefs. This study examines the influence of values on travel mode choice behavior. It is argued that personal values influence individual attitudes towards different alternative attributes, which in turn impact modal choices. Using data from a sample of 519 German commuters drawn from a consumer panel, the study estimates an integrated choice and latent variable model of travel mode choice that allows for hierarchical relationships between the latent variables and flexible substitution patterns across the modal alternatives. Results from the empirical application support the value-attitude-behavior hierarchical model of cognition, and provide insights to planners and policy-makers on how better to sell public transit as a means of travel. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.

Factors

Variable	Pattern loading
That a means of transportation is exceedingly convenient and comfortable is... (Convenience)	nan
That using a means of transportation is stress free and relaxed is... (Comfort)	nan
That you don't have to worry about anything while using a means of transportation is... (Comfort)	nan

Variable	Pattern loading
That a means of transportation is available right away is... (Convenience)	nan
That a means of transportation can be used spontaneously and without planning is... (Convenience)	nan
That a means of transportation reaches its final destination without a detour or a change is... (Convenience)	nan

Variable	Pattern loading
That you own the means of transportation is... (Convenience)	nan

Variable	Pattern loading
She/he seeks every chance she/he can to have fun. It is important to her/him to do things that give pleasure. (Lifestyle)	nan
She/he really wants to enjoy life. Having a good time is very important to her/him. (Lifestyle)	nan
Enjoying life's pleasures is important to her/him. She/he likes to spoil herself/himself. (Lifestyle)	nan

Variable	Pattern loading
She/he wants to be the one who makes decisions. She/he likes to be the leader. (Lifestyle)	nan
It is important to her/him to be in change. She/he wants people to do what she/he says. (Lifestyle)	nan

Variable	Pattern loading
It is very important to her/him that her/his country be safe. She/he think the state must be on watch against threats. (Safety)	nan
It is important to her/him to live in secure surroundings. She/he avoids anything that might endanger her/his life. (Safety)	nan
Having a stable governement is important to her/him. She/he is concerned that the social order be protected. (Lifestyle)	nan
It is important to her/him that things be organized and clean. She/he really does not like things to be a mess. (Lifestyle)	nan

Models

Dependent variable	Mode choice
Model type	integrated choice and latent variable
Sample size	519.0
R²	nan
Adjusted R²
Pseudo R² (nan)	nan
AIC	nan
BIC	nan
Log-likelihood at zero	nan
Log-likelihood at constants	nan
Log-likelihood at convergence	nan

Attitudes toward flexibility
Variable	Coefficient	p-value
Mean	2.551	0.0
Values toward hedonism	0.087	0.03
Values toward security	0.184	0.005
Values toward power	0.077	0.02
Age (years)	-0.005	0.088
Female	0.093	0.084
Net monthly income (Euros)	0.046	0.0
Std. dev.	0.42	0.0

Attitudes towards convenience and comfort
Variable	Coefficient	p-value
Mean	0.756	0.142
Values toward hedonism	0.151	0.001
Values toward security	0.447	0.0
Values toward power	0.062	0.062
Age (years)	-0.002	0.413
Female	0.04	0.466
Net monthly income (Euros)	0.001	0.897
Std. dev.	0.305	0.0

Attitudes towards ownership
Variable	Coefficient	p-value
Mean	-0.224	0.719
Values toward hedonism	0.23	0.003
Values toward security	0.385	0.002
Values toward power	0.101	0.092
Age (years)	0.008	0.108
Female	0.198	0.059
Net monthly income (Euros)	0.027	0.137
Std. dev.	0.213	0.156

Car
Variable	Coefficient	p-value
Nesting coefficient	0.765	0.124

Drive only
Variable	Coefficient	p-value
ASC	0.0	nan

Drive to public transit
Variable	Coefficient	p-value
ASC	2.311	0.285
Attitudes toward flexibility	-1.21	0.022
Attitudes toward convenience and comfort	1.242	0.094
Attitudes toward ownership	-0.878	0.178

Public transit only
Variable	Coefficient	p-value
ASC	3.011	0.243
Attitudes toward flexibility	-1.633	0.01
Attitudes toward convenience and comfort	1.908	0.058
Attitudes toward ownership	-1.39	0.115

Transit
Variable	Coefficient	p-value
Nesting coefficient	0.058	0.834

Values toward hedonism
Variable	Coefficient	p-value
Mean	5.539	0.0
Age (years)	-0.015	0.0
Female	-0.111	0.168
Net monthly income (Euros)	-0.039	0.009
Std. dev.	0.828	0.0

Values toward power
Variable	Coefficient	p-value
Mean	3.371	0.0
Age (years)	0.008	0.03
Female	-0.29	0.003
Net monthly income (Euros)	0.003	0.865
Std. dev.	1.0	0.0

Values toward security
Variable	Coefficient	p-value
Mean	3.683	0.0
Age (years)	0.022	0.0
Female	0.071	0.268
Net monthly income (Euros)	-0.018	0.134
Std. dev.	0.578	0.0

Variable	Coefficient	p-value
Travel time by car (minutes)	-2.3	0.0
Travel time by public transit (minutes)	-1.66	0.001
Access distance to public transit	-0.132	0.007