Weather, transport mode choices and emotional travel experiences

Böcker, Dijst, Faber, 2016, in Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice

doi:10.1016/j.tra.2016.09.021
Location Great Rotterdam, Netherlands
Population General
Sample size 945
Factor analysis type principal components, unknown rotation
Stepwise regression no
Removal of insignificant variables no
Reviewed by LCM

Abstract

With climate change high on the political agenda, weather has emerged as an important issue in travel behavioural research and urban planning. While various studies demonstrate profound effects of weather on travel behaviours, limited attention has been paid to subjective weather experiences and the psychological mechanisms that may (partially) underlie these effects. This paper integrates theoretical insights on outdoor thermal comfort, weather perceptions and emotional experiences in the context of travel behaviour. Drawing on unique panel travel diary data for 945 Greater Rotterdam respondents (The Netherlands), this paper aims to investigate how and to what extent weather conditions affect transport mode choices, outdoor thermal perceptions and emotional travel experiences. Our findings point out that observed dry, calm, sunny and warm but not too hot weather conditions stimulate cycling over other transport modes and – via mechanisms of thermal and mechanical comfort – lead to more pleasant emotions during travel. Overall, public transport users have less pleasant emotional experiences than users of other transport modes, while active mode users appear most weather sensitive. The theoretical contributions and empirical findings are discussed in the context of climate change and climate-sensitive urban planning. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd

Factors

Variable Loading
Happiness (Lifestyle) 0.877
Irritation (Other) -0.827
Fear (Safety) -0.768
Tiredness (Other) -0.657

Models

Source variable Target variable Effect p-value Effect type
Age Walk 0.071 <0.01 direct_effect
Male (D) Walk -0.037 <0.1 direct_effect
Nonwestern ethn. (D) Walk 0.005 nan direct_effect
BMI: Obese (D) Walk -0.061 <0.01 direct_effect
Summer person (D) Walk 0.019 nan direct_effect
Environm. conscious (D) Walk 0.028 nan direct_effect
Rural-oriented Walk -0.026 nan direct_effect
Educ. middle (D) Walk -0.026 nan direct_effect
Educ. higher (D) Walk 0.018 nan direct_effect
Hh-income €3-4 K (D) Walk -0.015 nan direct_effect
Hh-income > €4 K (D) Walk -0.017 nan direct_effect
Hh-income unkn. (D) Walk -0.029 nan direct_effect
# cars in hh Walk -0.042 <0.05 direct_effect
Pub-tr. Card (D) Walk 0.002 nan direct_effect
Bike for city (D) Walk -0.031 nan direct_effect
Sports/e-bike (D) Walk -0.038 nan direct_effect
Travel together Walk 0.012 nan direct_effect
Detour Walk 0.051 <0.01 direct_effect
Weekend Walk 0.017 nan direct_effect
Peak hour Walk 0.005 nan direct_effect
12AM-6AM Walk 0.004 nan direct_effect
Trip for work Walk -0.717 <0.01 direct_effect
Trip for errand Walk -0.201 <0.01 direct_effect
Trip for social Walk -0.078 <0.01 direct_effect
Travel distance Walk -0.081 <0.01 direct_effect
Building diversity Walk 0.019 nan direct_effect
Address density Walk 0.068 <0.01 direct_effect
Green % (log-transf.) Walk -0.025 nan direct_effect
Ta>25ºC Walk 0.017 nan direct_effect
Ta>15-≤20ºC (D) Walk 0.025 nan direct_effect
Ta>10-≤15ºC (D) Walk 0.031 <0.1 direct_effect
Ta>5-≤10ºC (D) Walk 0.031 <0.1 direct_effect
Ta>0-≤5ºC (D) Walk 0.002 nan direct_effect
Ta≤0ºC (D) Walk 0.034 nan direct_effect
Psum (in mm) Walk 0.01 nan direct_effect
Ws (in m/s) Walk -0.02 nan direct_effect
Snowcover (D) Walk 0.021 nan direct_effect
CI≥0.5-<0.75 (D) Walk 0.004 nan direct_effect
CI≥0.25-<0.5 (D) Walk 0.021 nan direct_effect
CI<0.25 (D) Walk 0.025 nan direct_effect
CI: darkness (D) Walk 0.002 nan direct_effect
Age outdoor thermal perception -0.021 nan direct_effect
Male (D) outdoor thermal perception 0.036 <0.01 direct_effect
Nonwestern ethn. (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.007 nan direct_effect
BMI: Obese (D) outdoor thermal perception 0.007 nan direct_effect
Summer person (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.022 <0.1 direct_effect
Environm. conscious (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.005 nan direct_effect
Rural-oriented outdoor thermal perception 0.017 nan direct_effect
Ta>25ºC outdoor thermal perception 0.144 <0.01 direct_effect
Ta>15-≤20ºC (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.298 <0.01 direct_effect
Ta>10-≤15ºC (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.493 <0.01 direct_effect
Ta>5-≤10ºC (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.691 <0.01 direct_effect
Ta>0-≤5ºC (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.557 <0.01 direct_effect
Ta≤0ºC (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.672 <0.01 direct_effect
Psum (in mm) outdoor thermal perception -0.014 <0.05 direct_effect
Ws (in m/s) outdoor thermal perception -0.071 <0.01 direct_effect
Snowcover (D) outdoor thermal perception 0.0 nan direct_effect
CI≥0.5-<0.75 (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.026 <0.01 direct_effect
CI≥0.25-<0.5 (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.05 <0.01 direct_effect
CI<0.25 (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.046 <0.01 direct_effect
CI: darkness (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.059 <0.01 direct_effect
Walk/bike/pub./car outdoor thermal perception -0.015 <0.05 direct_effect
Age Emotion 0.108 <0.01 direct_effect
Male (D) Emotion 0.073 <0.1 direct_effect
Nonwestern ethn. (D) Emotion 0.011 nan direct_effect
BMI: Obese (D) Emotion 0.014 nan direct_effect
Summer person (D) Emotion 0.046 nan direct_effect
Environm. conscious (D) Emotion 0.143 <0.01 direct_effect
Rural-oriented Emotion -0.009 nan direct_effect
Educ. middle (D) Emotion -0.004 nan direct_effect
Educ. higher (D) Emotion -0.093 <0.1 direct_effect
Hh-income €3-4 K (D) Emotion 0.068 <0.1 direct_effect
Hh-income > €4 K (D) Emotion 0.017 nan direct_effect
Hh-income unkn. (D) Emotion -0.031 nan direct_effect
Travel together Emotion 0.031 nan direct_effect
Detour Emotion 0.001 nan direct_effect
Weekend Emotion 0.048 <0.1 direct_effect
Peak hour Emotion -0.025 <0.1 direct_effect
12AM-6AM Emotion 0.007 nan direct_effect
Trip for work Emotion 0.037 nan direct_effect
Trip for errand Emotion -0.126 <0.01 direct_effect
Trip for social Emotion -0.079 <0.01 direct_effect
Travel distance Emotion -0.024 nan direct_effect
Building diversity Emotion 0.02 nan direct_effect
Address density Emotion -0.017 nan direct_effect
Green % (log-transf.) Emotion 0.031 nan direct_effect
Ta>25ºC Emotion -0.042 <0.05 direct_effect
Ta>15-≤20ºC (D) Emotion -0.02 nan direct_effect
Ta>10-≤15ºC (D) Emotion -0.015 nan direct_effect
Ta>5-≤10ºC (D) Emotion -0.038 nan direct_effect
Ta>0-≤5ºC (D) Emotion -0.02 nan direct_effect
Ta≤0ºC (D) Emotion 0.038 nan direct_effect
Psum (in mm) Emotion -0.042 <0.01 direct_effect
Ws (in m/s) Emotion -0.031 nan direct_effect
Snowcover (D) Emotion -0.035 nan direct_effect
CI≥0.5-<0.75 (D) Emotion -0.009 nan direct_effect
CI≥0.25-<0.5 (D) Emotion -0.023 nan direct_effect
CI<0.25 (D) Emotion -0.046 <0.05 direct_effect
CI: darkness (D) Emotion -0.053 <0.05 direct_effect
Walk/bike/pub./car Emotion 0.051 nan direct_effect
outdoor thermal perception Emotion 0.118 <0.01 direct_effect
Source variable Target variable Effect p-value Effect type
Age Bicycle -0.114 <0.01 direct_effect
Male (D) Bicycle -0.069 <0.1 direct_effect
Nonwestern ethn. (D) Bicycle -0.073 <0.05 direct_effect
BMI: Obese (D) Bicycle -0.057 <0.1 direct_effect
Summer person (D) Bicycle -0.014 nan direct_effect
Environm. conscious (D) Bicycle 0.094 <0.01 direct_effect
Rural-oriented Bicycle 0.074 <0.05 direct_effect
Educ. middle (D) Bicycle 0.008 nan direct_effect
Educ. higher (D) Bicycle -0.036 nan direct_effect
Hh-income €3-4 K (D) Bicycle -0.042 nan direct_effect
Hh-income > €4 K (D) Bicycle 0.01 nan direct_effect
Hh-income unkn. (D) Bicycle -0.011 nan direct_effect
# cars in hh Bicycle -0.125 <0.01 direct_effect
Pub-tr. Card (D) Bicycle 0.057 <0.1 direct_effect
Bike for city (D) Bicycle 0.302 <0.01 direct_effect
Sports/e-bike (D) Bicycle 0.341 <0.01 direct_effect
Travel together Bicycle -0.198 <0.01 direct_effect
Detour Bicycle 0.03 <0.05 direct_effect
Weekend Bicycle -0.002 nan direct_effect
Peak hour Bicycle 0.013 nan direct_effect
12AM-6AM Bicycle 0.031 <0.05 direct_effect
Trip for work Bicycle -0.391 <0.01 direct_effect
Trip for errand Bicycle 0.017 nan direct_effect
Trip for social Bicycle 0.014 nan direct_effect
Travel distance Bicycle 0.018 nan direct_effect
Building diversity Bicycle -0.005 nan direct_effect
Address density Bicycle 0.0 nan direct_effect
Green % (log-transf.) Bicycle 0.059 <0.05 direct_effect
Ta>25ºC Bicycle -0.005 nan direct_effect
Ta>15-≤20ºC (D) Bicycle -0.026 nan direct_effect
Ta>10-≤15ºC (D) Bicycle -0.062 <0.01 direct_effect
Ta>5-≤10ºC (D) Bicycle -0.072 <0.01 direct_effect
Ta>0-≤5ºC (D) Bicycle -0.064 <0.01 direct_effect
Ta≤0ºC (D) Bicycle -0.026 nan direct_effect
Psum (in mm) Bicycle -0.031 <0.1 direct_effect
Ws (in m/s) Bicycle -0.014 nan direct_effect
Snowcover (D) Bicycle -0.065 nan direct_effect
CI≥0.5-<0.75 (D) Bicycle 0.024 nan direct_effect
CI≥0.25-<0.5 (D) Bicycle -0.01 nan direct_effect
CI<0.25 (D) Bicycle -0.006 nan direct_effect
CI: darkness (D) Bicycle -0.067 <0.01 direct_effect
Age outdoor thermal perception -0.028 <0.05 direct_effect
Male (D) outdoor thermal perception 0.033 <0.05 direct_effect
Nonwestern ethn. (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.01 nan direct_effect
BMI: Obese (D) outdoor thermal perception 0.005 nan direct_effect
Summer person (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.023 <0.1 direct_effect
Environm. conscious (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.001 nan direct_effect
Rural-oriented outdoor thermal perception 0.021 <0.1 direct_effect
Ta>25ºC outdoor thermal perception 0.144 <0.01 direct_effect
Ta>15-≤20ºC (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.299 <0.01 direct_effect
Ta>10-≤15ºC (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.496 <0.01 direct_effect
Ta>5-≤10ºC (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.694 <0.01 direct_effect
Ta>0-≤5ºC (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.56 <0.01 direct_effect
Ta≤0ºC (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.673 <0.01 direct_effect
Psum (in mm) outdoor thermal perception -0.016 <0.05 direct_effect
Ws (in m/s) outdoor thermal perception -0.072 <0.01 direct_effect
Snowcover (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.003 nan direct_effect
CI≥0.5-<0.75 (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.025 <0.05 direct_effect
CI≥0.25-<0.5 (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.051 <0.01 direct_effect
CI<0.25 (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.046 <0.01 direct_effect
CI: darkness (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.062 <0.01 direct_effect
Walk/bike/pub./car outdoor thermal perception -0.05 <0.01 direct_effect
Age Emotion 0.116 <0.01 direct_effect
Male (D) Emotion 0.074 <0.05 direct_effect
Nonwestern ethn. (D) Emotion 0.014 nan direct_effect
BMI: Obese (D) Emotion 0.013 nan direct_effect
Summer person (D) Emotion 0.047 nan direct_effect
Environm. conscious (D) Emotion 0.141 <0.01 direct_effect
Rural-oriented Emotion -0.013 nan direct_effect
Educ. middle (D) Emotion -0.005 nan direct_effect
Educ. higher (D) Emotion -0.091 <0.1 direct_effect
Hh-income €3-4 K (D) Emotion 0.068 <0.1 direct_effect
Hh-income > €4 K (D) Emotion 0.016 nan direct_effect
Hh-income unkn. (D) Emotion -0.032 nan direct_effect
Travel together Emotion 0.039 <0.1 direct_effect
Detour Emotion 0.002 nan direct_effect
Weekend Emotion 0.049 <0.1 direct_effect
Peak hour Emotion -0.025 <0.1 direct_effect
12AM-6AM Emotion 0.006 nan direct_effect
Trip for work Emotion 0.016 nan direct_effect
Trip for errand Emotion -0.136 <0.01 direct_effect
Trip for social Emotion -0.083 <0.01 direct_effect
Travel distance Emotion -0.028 nan direct_effect
Building diversity Emotion 0.021 nan direct_effect
Address density Emotion -0.014 nan direct_effect
Green % (log-transf.) Emotion 0.027 nan direct_effect
Ta>25ºC Emotion -0.041 <0.05 direct_effect
Ta>15-≤20ºC (D) Emotion -0.017 nan direct_effect
Ta>10-≤15ºC (D) Emotion -0.01 nan direct_effect
Ta>5-≤10ºC (D) Emotion -0.032 nan direct_effect
Ta>0-≤5ºC (D) Emotion -0.016 nan direct_effect
Ta≤0ºC (D) Emotion 0.042 nan direct_effect
Psum (in mm) Emotion -0.04 <0.01 direct_effect
Ws (in m/s) Emotion -0.031 nan direct_effect
Snowcover (D) Emotion -0.031 nan direct_effect
CI≥0.5-<0.75 (D) Emotion -0.01 nan direct_effect
CI≥0.25-<0.5 (D) Emotion -0.022 nan direct_effect
CI<0.25 (D) Emotion -0.044 <0.05 direct_effect
CI: darkness (D) Emotion -0.05 <0.05 direct_effect
Walk/bike/pub./car Emotion 0.042 nan direct_effect
outdoor thermal perception Emotion 0.121 <0.01 direct_effect
Source variable Target variable Effect p-value Effect type
Age Pub. tr. -0.066 nan direct_effect
Male (D) Pub. tr. 0.058 nan direct_effect
Nonwestern ethn. (D) Pub. tr. 0.068 <0.05 direct_effect
BMI: Obese (D) Pub. tr. 0.007 nan direct_effect
Summer person (D) Pub. tr. -0.005 nan direct_effect
Environm. conscious (D) Pub. tr. -0.018 nan direct_effect
Rural-oriented Pub. tr. -0.038 nan direct_effect
Educ. middle (D) Pub. tr. 0.004 nan direct_effect
Educ. higher (D) Pub. tr. -0.085 <0.1 direct_effect
Hh-income €3-4 K (D) Pub. tr. 0.009 nan direct_effect
Hh-income > €4 K (D) Pub. tr. -0.037 nan direct_effect
Hh-income unkn. (D) Pub. tr. 0.044 nan direct_effect
# cars in hh Pub. tr. -0.274 <0.01 direct_effect
Pub-tr. Card (D) Pub. tr. 0.255 <0.01 direct_effect
Bike for city (D) Pub. tr. 0.037 nan direct_effect
Sports/e-bike (D) Pub. tr. -0.059 nan direct_effect
Travel together Pub. tr. 0.034 nan direct_effect
Detour Pub. tr. -0.016 nan direct_effect
Weekend Pub. tr. -0.078 <0.05 direct_effect
Peak hour Pub. tr. 0.043 <0.1 direct_effect
12AM-6AM Pub. tr. -0.006 nan direct_effect
Trip for work Pub. tr. 0.167 <0.01 direct_effect
Trip for errand Pub. tr. 0.145 <0.01 direct_effect
Trip for social Pub. tr. -0.136 <0.01 direct_effect
Travel distance Pub. tr. -0.062 <0.05 direct_effect
Building diversity Pub. tr. -0.017 nan direct_effect
Address density Pub. tr. 0.043 nan direct_effect
Green % (log-transf.) Pub. tr. -0.129 <0.01 direct_effect
Ta>25ºC Pub. tr. -0.013 nan direct_effect
Ta>15-≤20ºC (D) Pub. tr. 0.076 <0.01 direct_effect
Ta>10-≤15ºC (D) Pub. tr. 0.05 <0.1 direct_effect
Ta>5-≤10ºC (D) Pub. tr. 0.071 <0.05 direct_effect
Ta>0-≤5ºC (D) Pub. tr. 0.008 nan direct_effect
Ta≤0ºC (D) Pub. tr. 0.035 nan direct_effect
Psum (in mm) Pub. tr. 0.029 <0.05 direct_effect
Ws (in m/s) Pub. tr. 0.034 nan direct_effect
Snowcover (D) Pub. tr. 0.039 nan direct_effect
CI≥0.5-<0.75 (D) Pub. tr. 0.047 <0.05 direct_effect
CI≥0.25-<0.5 (D) Pub. tr. 0.04 nan direct_effect
CI<0.25 (D) Pub. tr. 0.012 nan direct_effect
CI: darkness (D) Pub. tr. 0.019 nan direct_effect
Age outdoor thermal perception -0.02 nan direct_effect
Male (D) outdoor thermal perception 0.035 <0.01 direct_effect
Nonwestern ethn. (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.008 nan direct_effect
BMI: Obese (D) outdoor thermal perception 0.008 nan direct_effect
Summer person (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.022 <0.1 direct_effect
Environm. conscious (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.005 nan direct_effect
Rural-oriented outdoor thermal perception 0.018 nan direct_effect
Ta>25ºC outdoor thermal perception 0.144 <0.01 direct_effect
Ta>15-≤20ºC (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.3 <0.01 direct_effect
Ta>10-≤15ºC (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.495 <0.01 direct_effect
Ta>5-≤10ºC (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.693 <0.01 direct_effect
Ta>0-≤5ºC (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.557 <0.01 direct_effect
Ta≤0ºC (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.673 <0.01 direct_effect
Psum (in mm) outdoor thermal perception -0.015 <0.05 direct_effect
Ws (in m/s) outdoor thermal perception -0.072 <0.01 direct_effect
Snowcover (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.001 nan direct_effect
CI≥0.5-<0.75 (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.028 <0.01 direct_effect
CI≥0.25-<0.5 (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.052 <0.01 direct_effect
CI<0.25 (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.046 <0.01 direct_effect
CI: darkness (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.059 <0.01 direct_effect
Walk/bike/pub./car outdoor thermal perception 0.025 <0.1 direct_effect
Age Emotion 0.105 <0.01 direct_effect
Male (D) Emotion 0.076 <0.05 direct_effect
Nonwestern ethn. (D) Emotion 0.017 nan direct_effect
BMI: Obese (D) Emotion 0.011 nan direct_effect
Summer person (D) Emotion 0.046 nan direct_effect
Environm. conscious (D) Emotion 0.143 <0.01 direct_effect
Rural-oriented Emotion -0.014 nan direct_effect
Educ. middle (D) Emotion -0.004 nan direct_effect
Educ. higher (D) Emotion -0.099 <0.05 direct_effect
Hh-income €3-4 K (D) Emotion 0.068 <0.1 direct_effect
Hh-income > €4 K (D) Emotion 0.013 nan direct_effect
Hh-income unkn. (D) Emotion -0.029 nan direct_effect
Travel together Emotion 0.035 <0.1 direct_effect
Detour Emotion 0.002 nan direct_effect
Weekend Emotion 0.042 nan direct_effect
Peak hour Emotion -0.021 nan direct_effect
12AM-6AM Emotion 0.007 nan direct_effect
Trip for work Emotion 0.016 nan direct_effect
Trip for errand Emotion -0.124 <0.01 direct_effect
Trip for social Emotion -0.094 <0.01 direct_effect
Travel distance Emotion -0.033 <0.1 direct_effect
Building diversity Emotion 0.019 nan direct_effect
Address density Emotion -0.01 nan direct_effect
Green % (log-transf.) Emotion 0.019 nan direct_effect
Ta>25ºC Emotion -0.043 <0.05 direct_effect
Ta>15-≤20ºC (D) Emotion -0.011 nan direct_effect
Ta>10-≤15ºC (D) Emotion -0.008 nan direct_effect
Ta>5-≤10ºC (D) Emotion -0.028 nan direct_effect
Ta>0-≤5ºC (D) Emotion -0.018 nan direct_effect
Ta≤0ºC (D) Emotion 0.044 nan direct_effect
Psum (in mm) Emotion -0.038 <0.01 direct_effect
Ws (in m/s) Emotion -0.028 nan direct_effect
Snowcover (D) Emotion -0.031 nan direct_effect
CI≥0.5-<0.75 (D) Emotion -0.005 nan direct_effect
CI≥0.25-<0.5 (D) Emotion -0.018 nan direct_effect
CI<0.25 (D) Emotion -0.044 <0.05 direct_effect
CI: darkness (D) Emotion -0.051 <0.05 direct_effect
Walk/bike/pub./car Emotion -0.088 <0.05 direct_effect
outdoor thermal perception Emotion 0.12 <0.01 direct_effect
Source variable Target variable Effect p-value Effect type
Age Car 0.063 <0.05 direct_effect
Male (D) Car 0.077 <0.01 direct_effect
Nonwestern ethn. (D) Car 0.018 nan direct_effect
BMI: Obese (D) Car 0.105 <0.01 direct_effect
Summer person (D) Car 0.017 nan direct_effect
Environm. conscious (D) Car -0.094 <0.01 direct_effect
Rural-oriented Car -0.013 nan direct_effect
Educ. middle (D) Car 0.034 nan direct_effect
Educ. higher (D) Car 0.056 nan direct_effect
Hh-income €3-4 K (D) Car 0.031 nan direct_effect
Hh-income > €4 K (D) Car 0.003 nan direct_effect
Hh-income unkn. (D) Car 0.007 nan direct_effect
# cars in hh Car 0.274 <0.01 direct_effect
Pub-tr. Card (D) Car -0.194 <0.01 direct_effect
Bike for city (D) Car -0.135 <0.01 direct_effect
Sports/e-bike (D) Car -0.145 <0.01 direct_effect
Travel together Car 0.149 <0.01 direct_effect
Detour Car -0.077 <0.01 direct_effect
Weekend Car 0.022 nan direct_effect
Peak hour Car -0.026 <0.1 direct_effect
12AM-6AM Car -0.025 <0.05 direct_effect
Trip for work Car 0.217 <0.01 direct_effect
Trip for errand Car 0.124 <0.01 direct_effect
Trip for social Car 0.119 <0.01 direct_effect
Travel distance Car 0.117 <0.01 direct_effect
Building diversity Car -0.006 nan direct_effect
Address density Car -0.132 <0.01 direct_effect
Green % (log-transf.) Car 0.025 nan direct_effect
Ta>25ºC Car -0.003 nan direct_effect
Ta>15-≤20ºC (D) Car -0.03 <0.1 direct_effect
Ta>10-≤15ºC (D) Car -0.002 nan direct_effect
Ta>5-≤10ºC (D) Car -0.008 nan direct_effect
Ta>0-≤5ºC (D) Car 0.039 <0.05 direct_effect
Ta≤0ºC (D) Car -0.015 nan direct_effect
Psum (in mm) Car 0.0 nan direct_effect
Ws (in m/s) Car 0.026 nan direct_effect
Snowcover (D) Car 0.001 nan direct_effect
CI≥0.5-<0.75 (D) Car -0.026 nan direct_effect
CI≥0.25-<0.5 (D) Car -0.009 nan direct_effect
CI<0.25 (D) Car -0.013 nan direct_effect
CI: darkness (D) Car 0.061 <0.05 direct_effect
Age outdoor thermal perception -0.024 <0.1 direct_effect
Male (D) outdoor thermal perception 0.033 <0.05 direct_effect
Nonwestern ethn. (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.007 nan direct_effect
BMI: Obese (D) outdoor thermal perception 0.004 nan direct_effect
Summer person (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.023 <0.1 direct_effect
Environm. conscious (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.002 nan direct_effect
Rural-oriented outdoor thermal perception 0.018 nan direct_effect
Ta>25ºC outdoor thermal perception 0.144 <0.01 direct_effect
Ta>15-≤20ºC (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.297 <0.01 direct_effect
Ta>10-≤15ºC (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.494 <0.01 direct_effect
Ta>5-≤10ºC (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.691 <0.01 direct_effect
Ta>0-≤5ºC (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.559 <0.01 direct_effect
Ta≤0ºC (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.671 <0.01 direct_effect
Psum (in mm) outdoor thermal perception -0.014 <0.05 direct_effect
Ws (in m/s) outdoor thermal perception -0.072 <0.01 direct_effect
Snowcover (D) outdoor thermal perception 0.0 nan direct_effect
CI≥0.5-<0.75 (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.025 <0.05 direct_effect
CI≥0.25-<0.5 (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.05 <0.01 direct_effect
CI<0.25 (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.045 <0.01 direct_effect
CI: darkness (D) outdoor thermal perception -0.061 <0.01 direct_effect
Walk/bike/pub./car outdoor thermal perception 0.038 <0.01 direct_effect
Age Emotion 0.113 <0.01 direct_effect
Male (D) Emotion 0.073 <0.05 direct_effect
Nonwestern ethn. (D) Emotion 0.012 nan direct_effect
BMI: Obese (D) Emotion 0.014 nan direct_effect
Summer person (D) Emotion 0.047 nan direct_effect
Environm. conscious (D) Emotion 0.141 <0.01 direct_effect
Rural-oriented Emotion -0.11 nan direct_effect
Educ. middle (D) Emotion -0.004 nan direct_effect
Educ. higher (D) Emotion -0.09 <0.1 direct_effect
Hh-income €3-4 K (D) Emotion 0.067 <0.1 direct_effect
Hh-income > €4 K (D) Emotion 0.016 nan direct_effect
Hh-income unkn. (D) Emotion -0.032 nan direct_effect
Travel together Emotion 0.036 <0.1 direct_effect
Detour Emotion 0.001 nan direct_effect
Weekend Emotion 0.049 <0.1 direct_effect
Peak hour Emotion -0.025 <0.1 direct_effect
12AM-6AM Emotion 0.007 nan direct_effect
Trip for work Emotion 0.009 nan direct_effect
Trip for errand Emotion -0.132 <0.01 direct_effect
Trip for social Emotion -0.079 <0.01 direct_effect
Travel distance Emotion -0.024 nan direct_effect
Building diversity Emotion 0.02 nan direct_effect
Address density Emotion -0.018 nan direct_effect
Green % (log-transf.) Emotion 0.03 nan direct_effect
Ta>25ºC Emotion -0.041 <0.05 direct_effect
Ta>15-≤20ºC (D) Emotion -0.02 nan direct_effect
Ta>10-≤15ºC (D) Emotion -0.014 nan direct_effect
Ta>5-≤10ºC (D) Emotion -0.037 nan direct_effect
Ta>0-≤5ºC (D) Emotion -0.019 nan direct_effect
Ta≤0ºC (D) Emotion 0.037 nan direct_effect
Psum (in mm) Emotion -0.041 <0.01 direct_effect
Ws (in m/s) Emotion -0.031 nan direct_effect
Snowcover (D) Emotion -0.034 nan direct_effect
CI≥0.5-<0.75 (D) Emotion -0.01 nan direct_effect
CI≥0.25-<0.5 (D) Emotion -0.022 nan direct_effect
CI<0.25 (D) Emotion -0.045 <0.05 direct_effect
CI: darkness (D) Emotion -0.051 <0.05 direct_effect
Walk/bike/pub./car Emotion -0.034 nan direct_effect
outdoor thermal perception Emotion 0.117 <0.01 direct_effect

The Attitudes and Travel Database is produced with support from the Center for Teaching Old Models New Tricks at Arizona State University, a University Transportation Center sponsored by the US Department of Transportation through Grant No. 69A3551747116.

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