What affects commute mode choice: Neighborhood physical structure or preferences toward neighborhoods?

Schwanen, Mokhtarian, 2005, in Journal of Transport Geography

doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2004.11.001
Location San Francisco Bay Area, United States
Population General
Sample size 1358
Factor analysis type exploratory factor analysis, Oblique rotation
Stepwise regression no
Removal of insignificant variables no
Reviewed by LCM

Factors

Variable Pattern loading
Adventurous (Lifestyle) 0.776
Variety seeking (Lifestyle) 0.695
Spontaneous (Lifestyle) 0.574
Risk taking (Lifestyle) 0.557
Like to stay close to home (Lifestyle) -0.435
Ambitious (Lifestyle) 0.422
Like moving at high speeds (Lifestyle) 0.398
Like being outdoors (Lifestyle) 0.385
On a routine (Lifestyle) -0.355
Like being independent (Lifestyle) 0.25
Aggressive (Lifestyle) 0.162
Patient (Lifestyle) 0.163
Like being in charge (Lifestyle) 0.199
Variable Pattern loading
Risk taking (Lifestyle) -0.192
Ambitious (Lifestyle) -0.217
Like moving at high speeds (Lifestyle) -0.345
Aggressive (Lifestyle) -0.599
Patient (Lifestyle) 0.532
Restless (Lifestyle) -0.389
Like being in charge (Lifestyle) -0.38
Variable Pattern loading
Like being alone (Lifestyle) 0.935
Like being independent (Lifestyle) 0.314
Variable Pattern loading
Like to stay close to home (Lifestyle) 0.168
Ambitious (Lifestyle) 0.33
Efficient (Lifestyle) 0.624
On time (Convenience) 0.371
Like a routine (Lifestyle) 0.364
Like being independent (Lifestyle) 0.301
Aggressive (Lifestyle) 0.312
Like being in charge (Lifestyle) 0.363
Variable Pattern loading
Work and family do not leave me enough time for myself (Lifestyle) 0.262
I wouldn't necessarily have to like my work that much, as long as I made enough money (Lifestyle) -0.037
I'd like to spend more time with my family and friends (Lifestyle) 0.585
My family and friends are more important to me than my work (Lifestyle) 0.472
I'd like to spend more time on social, environmental, or religious causes (Lifestyle) 0.418
Occasionally, I'd be willing to give up a day's pay to get a day off work (Lifestyle) 0.273
I'd like to spend more time on work (Lifestyle) -0.164
Variable Pattern loading
I often feel like I don't have much control over my life (Lifestyle) 0.72
I am generally satisfied with my life (Lifestyle) -0.618
Work and family do not leave me enough time for myself (Lifestyle) 0.357
I wouldn't necessarily have to like my work that much, as long as I made enough money (Lifestyle) 0.214
I feel that I am wasting time when I have to wait (Convenience) 0.16
Variable Pattern loading
To me, the car is a status symbol (Social norms) 0.698
A lot of the fun of having something nice is showing it off (Lifestyle) 0.518
To me, the car is nothing more than a convenient way to get around (Mode-liking) -0.411
The one who dies with the most toys wins (Other) 0.41
Variable Pattern loading
Work and family do not leave me enough time for myself (Lifestyle) 0.203
I feel that I am wasting time when I have to wait (Convenience) 0.156
My family and friends are more important to me than work (Lifestyle) -0.233
I'm pretty much a workaholic (Lifestyle) 0.652
I'd like to spend more time on work (Lifestyle) 0.373
I generally try to spend some time each week just on myself (Lifestyle) -0.178
I don't like to stay in one place for long (Lifestyle) 0.171
Variable Pattern loading
My commute is a real hassle (Convenience) -0.695
My commute is a useful transition between home and work (Lifestyle) 0.583
The traveling that I need to do interferes with doing other things I like (Convenience) -0.53
I use my commute time productively (Convenience) 0.467
Travel time is generally wasted time (Convenience) -0.461
Getting stuck in traffic doesn't bother me too much (Convenience) 0.419
Traveling is generally tiring for me (Comfort) -0.225
Variable Pattern loading
To improve air quality, I am willing to pay a little more to use an electric or other clean-fuel vehicle (Environmentalism) 0.641
We should raise the price of gasoline to reduce congestion and air pollution (Environmentalism) 0.617
We need more public transportation, even if taxes have to pay for a lot of those costs (Transport policy) 0.612
I limit my auto travel to help improve congestion and air quality (Environmentalism) 0.372
We can find cost-effective technological solutions to the problem of air pollution (Environmentalism) 0.353
We need more highways, even is taxes have to pay for a lot of the costs (Transport policy) -0.194
Having shops and services within walking distance of my home is important to me (Res preference/perception) 0.243
Variable Pattern loading
Living in a multiple family unit wouldn't give me enough privacy (Res preference/perception) -0.617
I like living in a neighborhood where there is a lot going on (Res preference/perception) 0.486
Having shops and services within walking distance of my home is important to me (Res preference/perception) 0.401
I like to have a large yard at my home (Res preference/perception) -0.323
I'd rather have someone else do the driving (Mode-liking) 0.227
Variable Pattern loading
Traveling is boring (Convenience) 0.621
I like exploring new places (Lifestyle) -0.537
The only good thing about traveling is arriving at your destination (Convenience) 0.525
Getting there is half the fun (Travel liking) -0.465
Travel time is generally wasted time (Convenience) 0.379
Traveling makes me nervous (Safety) 0.201
Traveling is generally tiring for me (Comfort) 0.266
Variable Pattern loading
In terms of local travel - I have the freedom to go anywhere I want to (Convenience) 0.511
In terms of long-distance travel, I have the freedom to go anywhere I want to (Convenience) 0.422
The vehicles I travel in are comfortable (Comfort) 0.295
It is nice to be able to do errands on the way to or from work (Convenience) 0.269
I am willing to pay a toll to travel on an uncongested toll road (Convenience) 0.212
Variable Pattern loading
I worry about my safety when I travel (Safety) 0.544
Traveling makes me nervous (Safety) 0.537
Traveling is generally tiring for me (Comfort) 0.41
I'd rather have someone else do the driving (Mode-liking) 0.329
I tend to get sick while traveling (Comfort) 0.318
I am uncomfortable being around people I don't know when I travel (Comfort) 0.297
I like traveling alone (Lifestyle) -0.194

Models

Dependent variable Mode choice
Model type MNL
Sample size 1165.0
R2 0.264
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants -806.2
Log-likelihood at convergence -593.2
Bus
Variable Coefficient p-value
ASC -0.885 0.61
Respondent's age in years -0.033 0.005
Single worker 0.822 0.002
Professional/technical occupation -0.76 0.002
Driving a vehicle during the day 1.344 0.087
Walking -2.778 0.038
Riding a bicycle 0.626 0.057
PV
Variable Coefficient p-value
Female in two-worker couple -0.572 0.007
Female in multiple working adults -0.986 0.026
Ratio of vehicles to valid driver's licenses 2.388 0.0
Driving a vehicle during the day -1.58 0.04
Using public transit 2.036 0.032
Adventure seeker 0.283 0.004
North San Francisco resident -4.119 0.0
MM2 for North San Francisco resident 0.418 0.029
MM3 for Pleasant Hill resident 0.408 0.133
MM4 for Concord resident -0.171 0.114
Rail
Variable Coefficient p-value
ASC -0.682 0.54
Ratio of vehicles to valid driver's licenses 1.183 0.016
Frustration 0.28 0.036
Status seeker -0.598 0.0
North San Francisco resident -4.476 0.0
Slow
Variable Coefficient p-value
ASC -3.343 0.015
Female in one-worker family 2.346 0.006
Household income ($1000) -0.02 0.008
Dependent variable Mode choice
Model type MNL
Sample size 1165.0
R2 0.273
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants -806.2
Log-likelihood at convergence -585.9
Bus
Variable Coefficient p-value
ASC -0.597 0.736
Respondent's age in years -0.031 0.009
Single worker 0.767 0.004
Professional/technical occupation -0.842 0.001
Driving a vehicle during the day 1.346 0.086
Walking -2.697 0.047
Riding a bicycle 0.569 0.085
PV
Variable Coefficient p-value
Female in two-worker couple -0.549 0.011
Female in multiple working adults -0.94 0.037
Ratio of vehicles to valid driver's licenses 2.094 0.0
Driving a vehicle during the day -1.344 0.081
Using public transit 2.136 0.029
Adventure seeker 0.199 0.055
Travel freedom factor 0.342 0.008
Pro-environmental policy factor -0.465 0.0
North San Francisco resident -3.361 0.0
MM3 for Pleasant Hill resident 0.6 0.028
Rail
Variable Coefficient p-value
ASC -0.195 0.87
Ratio of vehicles to valid driver's licenses 1.014 0.015
Frustration 0.264 0.049
Status seeker -0.528 0.001
North San Francisco resident -4.52 0.0
Slow
Variable Coefficient p-value
ASC -3.082 0.027
Female in one-worker family 2.425 0.004
Household income ($1000) -0.019 0.012

The Attitudes and Travel Database is produced with support from the Center for Teaching Old Models New Tricks at Arizona State University, a University Transportation Center sponsored by the US Department of Transportation through Grant No. 69A3551747116.

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