What if you live in the wrong neighborhood? The impact of residential neighborhood type dissonance on distance traveled

Schwanen, Tim and Mokhtarian, Patricia L., 2005, in Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment

doi:10.1016/j.trd.2004.11.002
Location North San Francisco Bay Area
Population Other (specify)
Sample size 1358
Factor analysis type principal components, Oblique rotation
Stepwise regression no
Removal of insignificant variables yes
Reviewed by AR

Factors

Variable Pattern loading
My commute is a real hassle (Convenience) -0.695
My commute trip is a useful transition between home and work (Lifestyle) 0.583
The traveling that I need to do interferes with doing other things I like (Convenience) -0.53
I use my commute time productively (Convenience) 0.467
Travel time is generally wasted time (Convenience) -0.461
Getting stuck in traffic doesn't bother me too much (Convenience) 0.419
Traveling is generally tiring for me (Comfort) -0.225
Variable Pattern loading
To improve air quality, I am willing to pay a little more to use an electric or other clean-fuel vehicle (Environmentalism) 0.641
We should raise price of gasoline to reduce congestion and air pollution (Environmentalism) 0.617
We need more public transportation, even if taxes have to pay for a lot of the costs (Transport policy) 0.612
I limit my auto travel to help improve congestion and air quality (Environmentalism) 0.372
We can find cost-effective technological solutions to the problem of air pollution (Environmentalism) 0.353
We need more highways, even if taxes have to pay for a lot of the costs (Transport policy) -0.194
Having shops and services within walking distance of my home is important to me (Res preference/perception) 0.243
Variable Pattern loading
Living in a multiple family unit wouldn't give me enough privacy (Res preference/perception) -0.617
I like living in a neighborhood where there is a lot going on (Res preference/perception) 0.486
Having shops and services within walking distance of my home is important to me (Res preference/perception) 0.401
I like to have a large yard at my home (Res preference/perception) -0.323
I'd rather have someone else do the driving (Mode-liking) 0.227
Variable Pattern loading
Traveling is boring (Convenience) 0.621
I like exploring new places (Lifestyle) -0.537
The only good thing about traveling is arriving at your destination (Convenience) 0.525
Getting there is half the fun (Travel liking) -0.465
Travel time is generally wasted time (Convenience) 0.379
Traveling makes me nervous (Safety) 0.201
Traveling is generally tiring for me (Comfort) 0.266
Variable Pattern loading
In terms of local travel - I have the freedom to go anywhere I want to (Convenience) 0.511
In terms of long-distance travel, I have the freedom to go anywhere I want to (Convenience) 0.422
The vehicles I travel in are comfortable (Comfort) 0.295
It is nice to be able to do errands on the way to or from work (Convenience) 0.269
I am willing to pay a toll to travel on an uncongested road (Convenience) 0.212
Variable Pattern loading
I worry about my safety when I travel (Safety) 0.544
Traveling makes me nervous (Safety) 0.537
Traveling is generally tiring for me (Comfort) 0.41
I'd rather have someone else do the driving (Mode-liking) 0.329
I tend to get sick when traveling (Comfort) 0.318
I am uncomfortable being around people I don't know when I travel (Comfort) 0.297
I like traveling alone (Lifestyle) -0.194
Variable Pattern loading
Adventurous (Lifestyle) 0.776
Variety seeking (Lifestyle) 0.695
Spontaneous (Lifestyle) 0.574
Risk taking (Lifestyle) 0.557
Like to stay close to home (Lifestyle) -0.435
Ambitious (Lifestyle) 0.422
Like moving at high speeds (Lifestyle) 0.398
Like being outdoors (Lifestyle) 0.385
On a routine (Lifestyle) -0.355
Like being independent (Lifestyle) 0.25
Aggressive (Lifestyle) 0.162
Patient (Lifestyle) 0.163
Like being in charge (Lifestyle) 0.199
Variable Pattern loading
Risk taking (Lifestyle) -0.192
Ambitious (Lifestyle) -0.217
Like moving at high speeds (Lifestyle) -0.345
Aggressive (Lifestyle) -0.599
Patient (Lifestyle) 0.532
Restless (Lifestyle) -0.389
Like being in charge (Lifestyle) -0.38
Variable Pattern loading
Like being alone (Lifestyle) 0.935
Like being independent (Lifestyle) 0.314
Variable Pattern loading
Like to stay close to home (Lifestyle) 0.168
Ambitious (Lifestyle) 0.33
Efficient (Lifestyle) 0.624
On time (Convenience) 0.371
Like a routine (Lifestyle) 0.364
Like being independent (Lifestyle) 0.301
Aggressive (Lifestyle) 0.312
Like being in charge (Lifestyle) 0.363
Variable Pattern loading
Work and family do not leave me enough time for myself (Lifestyle) 0.262
I wouldn't necessarily have to like my work that much, as long as I made enough money (Lifestyle) -0.037
I'd like to spend more time with my family and friends (Lifestyle) 0.585
My family and friends are more important to me than my work (Lifestyle) 0.472
I'd like to spend more time on social, environmental, or religious causes (Lifestyle) 0.418
Occasionally, I'd be willing to give up a day's pay to get a day off work (Lifestyle) 0.273
I'd like to spend more time on work (Lifestyle) -0.164
Variable Pattern loading
I often feel like I don't have much control over my life (Lifestyle) 0.72
I am generally satisfied with my life (Lifestyle) -0.618
Work and family do not leave me enough time for myself (Lifestyle) 0.357
I wouldn't necessarily have to like my work that much, as long as I made enough money (Lifestyle) 0.214
I feel that I am wasting time when I have to wait (Convenience) 0.16
Variable Pattern loading
To me, the car is a status symbol (Social norms) 0.698
A lot of the fun of having something nice is showing it off (Lifestyle) 0.518
To me, the car is nothing more than a convenient way to get around (Mode-liking) -0.411
The one who dies with the most toys wins (Other) 0.41
Variable Pattern loading
Work and family do not leave me enough time for myself (Lifestyle) 0.203
I feel that I am wasting time when I have to wait (Convenience) 0.156
My family and friends are more important to me than work (Lifestyle) -0.233
I'm pretty much a workaholic (Lifestyle) 0.652
I'd like to spend more time on work (Lifestyle) 0.373
I generally try to spend some time each week just on myself (Lifestyle) -0.178
I don't like to stay in one place for long (Lifestyle) 0.171

Models

Dependent variable Log total miles
Model type Tobit regression
Sample size 1248.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (McKelvey-Zavoina) 0.106
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants -1595.1
Log-likelihood at convergence -1510.4
Baseline Model
Variable Coefficient p-value
Neighborhood type Dissonance nan nan
MM5 (Pro-high density consistent with RL choice) for NSF resident 0.16 0.082
Residential location and vehicle ownership nan nan
NSF resident -0.638 0.0
Constant 5.36 0.0
Dependent variable Log total miles
Model type Tobit regression
Sample size 1248.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (McKelvey-Zavoina) 0.213
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants -1595.1
Log-likelihood at convergence -1401.5
Full Model
Variable Coefficient p-value
Neighborhood type dissonance nan nan
MM5 (Pro-high density consistent with RL choice) for NSF resident 0.154 0.084
Residential location and vehicle ownership nan nan
NSF resident -0.645 0.0
Ratio of vehicles to valid driver's licenses 0.129 0.007
Sociodemographic variables nan nan
Household income (1000 US$) 0.005 0.0
Part-time employed -0.138 0.025
Occupation in sales 0.219 0.004
Female -0.285 0.0
Single working female 0.294 0.0
One-worker family 0.276 0.005
Age (in years) -0.006 0.001
Lifestyle and personalitys nan nan
Adventure seeking 0.095 0.0
Workaholic 0.068 0.017
Travel attitudes nan nan
Travel stress -0.063 0.031
Pro-environmental policy -0.065 0.027
Liking for travel on a bus 0.06 0.013
Constant 5.103 0.0
Dependent variable Log miles by private vehicle
Model type Tobit regression
Sample size 1247.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (McKelvey-Zavoina) 0.221
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants -2251.4
Log-likelihood at convergence -2134.6
Baseline Model
Variable Coefficient p-value
Neighborhood type Dissonance nan nan
MM1 (Pro-high density consistent with RL choice) for NSF resident 0.364 0.0
Residential location and vehicle ownership nan nan
NSF resident -1.495 0.0
Constant 5.108 0.0
Dependent variable Log miles by private vehicle
Model type Tobit regression
Sample size 1247.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (McKelvey-Zavoina) 0.391
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants -2251.4
Log-likelihood at convergence -1981.7
Full Model
Variable Coefficient p-value
Residential location and vehicle ownership nan nan
NSF resident -0.769 0.0
Ratio of vehicles to valid driver's licenses 0.68 0.0
Mobility constraints nan nan
Driving at night -0.439 0.003
Using public transit 0.32 0.045
Sociodemographic variables nan nan
Household income (1000 US$) 0.008 0.0
Part-time employed -0.193 0.048
Occupation in sales 0.367 0.002
Female -0.177 0.02
Single working female 0.283 0.029
One-worker family 0.498 0.001
Lifestyle and personalitys nan nan
Adventure seeking 0.098 0.017
Travel attitudes nan nan
Travel freedom 0.231 0.0
Pro-environmental policy -0.235 0.0
Constant 3.562 0.0
Variable Coefficient p-value
Multiple adults and workers -2.68 0.077
Number of persons with valid driver's license 0.137 0.008
Dependent variable Weekly distance traveled by rail
Model type Tobit regression
Sample size 1353.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants -1316.8
Log-likelihood at convergence 1157.8
Regression(distance)
Variable Coefficient p-value
MM5 (Pro-high density consistent with RL choice) for NSF resident 0.871 0.05
NSF resident -2.037 0.0
Constant 5.857 0.0
Selection(use)
Variable Coefficient p-value
MM2 (Pro-high density consistent with RL choice) for NSF resident -0.567 0.0
MM4 (Pro-high density consistent with RL choice, interacted with neighborhood attachment) for PH resident 1.3 0.002
MM4 (Pro-high density consistent with RL choice, interacted with neighborhood attachment) for CON resident 0.189 0.0
NSF resident 0.795 0.0
Constant 1.088 0.0
Variable Coefficient p-value
Neighborhood type dissonance nan nan
Residential location and vehicle ownership nan nan
Dependent variable Weekly distance traveled by rail
Model type Tobit regression
Sample size 1353.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants -1316.8
Log-likelihood at convergence -1009.3
Regression(distance)
Variable Coefficient p-value
MM5 (Pro-high density consistent with RL choice) for suburban resident -1.234 0.0
NSF resident -2.041 0.0
Professional/technical occupation 0.296 0.071
Status seeking -0.232 0.04
Frustrated 0.201 0.042
Constant 4.77 0.0
Selection(use)
Variable Coefficient p-value
MM2 (Pro-high density consistent with RL choice) for NSF resident -0.343 0.0
Ratio of vehicles to valid driver's licenses -0.405 0.0
Bicycling 0.233 0.018
Occupation in services -0.575 0.002
Occupation in production/construction/crafts -0.578 0.011
One-worker family -0.731 0.0
Female in multiple-worker family -0.295 0.007
Pro-environmental policy 0.33 0.0
Liking for traveling by rail 0.186 0.0
Constant -1.083 0.0
Variable Coefficient p-value
Neighborhood type dissonance nan nan
Residential location and vehicle ownership nan nan
Mobility constraints nan nan
Sociodemographics nan nan
Personality and lifestyles nan nan
Travel attitudes nan nan
Dependent variable Distance traveled by bus
Model type Tobit regression
Sample size 1325.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants -1461.9
Log-likelihood at convergence -1080.2
Regression(distance)
Variable Coefficient p-value
PH resident -0.928 0.005
Constant 2.894 0.0
Selection(use)
Variable Coefficient p-value
MM2 (Pro-high density consistent with RL choice) for NSF resident -0.558 0.0
MM5 (Pro-high density consistent with RL choice) for PH resident 0.621 0.001
NSF resident 2.256 0.0
Constant -1.764 0.0
Variable Coefficient p-value
Neighborhood type dissonance nan nan
Residential location and vehicle ownership nan nan
Dependent variable Distance traveled by bus
Model type Tobit regression
Sample size 1325.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants -1461.9
Log-likelihood at convergence -882.9
Regression(distance)
Variable Coefficient p-value
MM2 (Pro-high density consistent with RL choice) for NSF resident 0.2 0.04
PH resident -0.805 0.013
Two-worker couple -0.301 0.011
One-worker family -3.566 0.013
Female in one-worker family 2.488 0.0
Status seeking 0.2 0.003
Workaholic -0.185 0.016
Constant 3.128 0.0
Selection(use)
Variable Coefficient p-value
MM2 (Pro-high density consistent with RL choice) for NSF resident -0.558 0.0
MM5 (Pro-high density consistent with RL choice) for PH resident 0.452 0.039
NSF resident 1.667 0.0
Ratio of vehicles to valid driver's licenses -0.783 0.0
Driving on a freeway 0.896 0.011
Using public transit -0.59 0.029
Household income (1000 US$) -0.009 0.0
Occupation in sales -0.287 0.049
Occupation in production/construction/crafts -0.708 0.002
Two-worker couple 0.31 0.002
Age (in years) -0.015 0.0
Travel freedom -0.249 0.0
Pro-environmental policy 0.187 0.003
Liking for traveling by bus 0.231 0.0
Constant -0.542 0.28
Variable Coefficient p-value
Neighborhood type dissonance nan nan
Residential location and vehicle ownership nan nan
Mobility constraints nan nan
Sociodemographics nan nan
Personality and lifestyles nan nan
Travel attitudes nan nan
Dependent variable Distance traveled by walking/jogging/bicycling
Model type Tobit regression
Sample size 1303.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants -2085.4
Log-likelihood at convergence -1819.3
Regression(distance)
Variable Coefficient p-value
MM2 (Pro-high density consistent with RL choice) for NSF resident -0.149 0.008
NSF resident 0.441 0.0
CON resident -0.261 0.002
Constant 1.905 0.0
Selection(use)
Variable Coefficient p-value
NSF resident 0.536 0.0
CON resident -0.279 0.036
Constant 0.838 0.0
Variable Coefficient p-value
Neighborhood type dissonance nan nan
Residential location nan nan
Dependent variable Distance traveled by walking/jogging/bicycling
Model type Tobit regression
Sample size 1303.0
R2 nan
Adjusted R2
Pseudo R2 (nan) nan
AIC nan
BIC nan
Log-likelihood at zero nan
Log-likelihood at constants -2085.4
Log-likelihood at convergence -1650.1
Regression(distance)
Variable Coefficient p-value
Professional/technical occupation 0.2 0.033
Household income (1000 US$) -0.002 0.005
Female in multiple-worker family -0.323 0.0
Adventure seeking 0.102 0.0
Frustrated -0.06 0.034
Pro-environmental policy 0.082 0.005
Liking for traveling by personal vehicle -0.049 0.055
Liking for walking/cycling/jogging 0.348 0.0
Liking for traveling to eat out -0.074 0.03
Constant 1.304 0.0
Selection(use)
Variable Coefficient p-value
NSF resident 0.468 0.0
'Other' household -0.385 0.055
Liking for traveling by bus -0.123 0.058
Liking for walking/cycling/jogging 0.664 0.0
Constant -1.213 0.0
Variable Coefficient p-value
Residential location nan nan
Sociodemographics nan nan
Personality and lifestyles nan nan
Travel attitudes nan nan

The Attitudes and Travel Database is produced with support from the Center for Teaching Old Models New Tricks at Arizona State University, a University Transportation Center sponsored by the US Department of Transportation through Grant No. 69A3551747116.

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